Biology:Integrin alpha 4
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CD49d is an integrin alpha subunit. It makes up half of the α4β1 lymphocyte homing receptor.
Function
The product of this gene belongs to the integrin alpha chain family of proteins. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This gene encodes an alpha 4 chain. Unlike other integrin alpha chains, alpha 4 neither contains an I-domain, nor undergoes disulfide-linked cleavage. Alpha 4 chain associates with either beta 1 chain or beta 7 chain.[1]
Interactions
CD49d has been shown to interact with LGALS8[2] and Paxillin.[3][4]
See also
- Carotegrast methyl, an integrin alpha 4 antagonist used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis
References
- ↑ "Entrez Gene: ITGA4 integrin, alpha 4 (antigen CD49D, alpha 4 subunit of VLA-4 receptor)". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3676.
- ↑ "Galectin-8 binding to integrins inhibits cell adhesion and induces apoptosis". J. Cell Sci. 113 (Pt 13): 2385–97. 2000. doi:10.1242/jcs.113.13.2385. PMID 10852818.
- ↑ "Phosphorylation of the integrin alpha 4 cytoplasmic domain regulates paxillin binding". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (44): 40903–9. November 2001. doi:10.1074/jbc.M102665200. PMID 11533025.
- ↑ "A fragment of paxillin binds the alpha 4 integrin cytoplasmic domain (tail) and selectively inhibits alpha 4-mediated cell migration". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (23): 20887–94. June 2002. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110928200. PMID 11919182.
Further reading
- "Mechanisms of VCAM‐1 and Fibronectin Binding to Integrin α 4 β 1 : Implications for Integrin Function and Rational Drug Design". Ciba Foundation Symposium 189 ‐ Cell Adhesion and Human Disease. Novartis Foundation Symposia. 189. 1995. 177–91; discussion 191–9. doi:10.1002/9780470514719.ch13. ISBN 9780470514719.
- "VLA-4-mediated interactions between normal human hematopoietic progenitors and stromal cells.". Leuk. Lymphoma 24 (5–6): 423–35. 1997. doi:10.3109/10428199709055581. PMID 9086434.
- "Integrins take partners: cross-talk between integrins and other membrane receptors.". Trends Cell Biol. 8 (10): 390–6. 1999. doi:10.1016/S0962-8924(98)01344-0. PMID 9789327.
- "Alpha4 integrins and the immune response.". Immunol. Rev. 186 (1): 118–24. 2003. doi:10.1034/j.1600-065X.2002.18611.x. PMID 12234367.
- "Natalizumab and the role of alpha 4-integrin antagonism in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 7 (1): 123–36. 2007. doi:10.1517/14712598.7.1.123. PMID 17150024.
- "Adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and fibronectin. Comparison of alpha 4 beta 1 (VLA-4) and alpha 4 beta 7 on the human B cell line JY.". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (12): 8366–70. 1992. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42453-2. PMID 1373725.
- "Mapping of the human VLA-alpha 4 gene to chromosome 2q31-q32.". Eur. J. Immunol. 22 (2): 587–90. 1992. doi:10.1002/eji.1830220243. PMID 1537388.
- "A single mRNA encodes the alpha 150 and alpha 80/70 forms of the alpha subunit of VLA4.". Eur. J. Immunol. 22 (4): 1099–102. 1992. doi:10.1002/eji.1830220434. PMID 1551405.
- "Integrin recognition of different cell-binding fragments of laminin (P1, E3, E8) and evidence that alpha 6 beta 1 but not alpha 6 beta 4 functions as a major receptor for fragment E8.". J. Cell Biol. 110 (6): 2145–55. 1990. doi:10.1083/jcb.110.6.2145. PMID 1693624.
- "Functional and structural analysis of VLA-4 integrin alpha 4 subunit cleavage.". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (3): 1786–91. 1992. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)46014-0. PMID 1730718.
- "Coexpression of two fibronectin receptors, VLA-4 and VLA-5, by immature human erythroblastic precursor cells.". J. Clin. Invest. 87 (1): 6–11. 1991. doi:10.1172/JCI115002. PMID 1824634.
- "Characterization of the alpha 4 integrin gene promoter.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (10): 4094–8. 1991. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.10.4094. PMID 2034655. Bibcode: 1991PNAS...88.4094R.
- "The primary structure of the alpha 4 subunit of VLA-4: homology to other integrins and a possible cell-cell adhesion function.". EMBO J. 8 (5): 1361–8. 1989. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03516.x. PMID 2788572.
- "The very late antigen family of heterodimers is part of a superfamily of molecules involved in adhesion and embryogenesis.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (10): 3239–43. 1987. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.10.3239. PMID 3033641. Bibcode: 1987PNAS...84.3239T.
- "The VLA protein family. Characterization of five distinct cell surface heterodimers each with a common 130,000 molecular weight beta subunit.". J. Biol. Chem. 262 (7): 3300–9. 1987. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)61504-2. PMID 3546305.
- "Expression of functional alpha 4 beta 1 integrin by human dermal fibroblasts.". J. Invest. Dermatol. 100 (3): 323–8. 1993. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470011. PMID 8440915.
- "Integrin alpha 4 cysteines 278 and 717 modulate VLA-4 ligand binding and also contribute to alpha 4/180 formation.". Biochem. J.. 313 ( Pt 3) (3): 899–908. 1996. doi:10.1042/bj3130899. PMID 8611173.
- "Identification of two variants of the human integrin alpha 4 subunit.". Mol. Immunol. 32 (17–18): 1453–4. 1996. doi:10.1016/0161-5890(96)00001-6. PMID 8643114.
- "Transmembrane-4 superfamily proteins CD81 (TAPA-1), CD82, CD63, and CD53 specifically associated with integrin alpha 4 beta 1 (CD49d/CD29).". J. Immunol. 157 (5): 2039–47. 1996. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.157.5.2039. PMID 8757325.
External links
- CD49d+antigen at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ITGA4 Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway
- Human ITGA4 genome location and ITGA4 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
- Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P13612 (Human Integrin alpha-4) at the PDBe-KB.
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