Biology:VGF

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Short description: Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example


VGF or VGF nerve growth factor inducible is a secreted protein and neuropeptide precursor that may play a role in regulating energy homeostasis, metabolism[1] and synaptic plasticity.[2] The protein was first discovered in 1985 by Levi et al.[3] in an experiment with PC12 cells and its name is non-acronymic. VGF gene encodes a precursor which is divided by proteolysis to polypeptides of different mass, which have a variety of functions, the best studied of which are the roles of TLQP-21 in the control of appetite and inflammation,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] and TLQP-62 as well as AQEE-30 in regulating depression-like behaviors[12][13][14][15][16] and memory.[17][18] The expression of VGF and VGF-derived peptides is detected in a subset of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems and specific populations of endocrine cells in the adenohypophysis, adrenal medulla, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas.[19] VGF expression is induced by NGF, CREB and BDNF and regulated by neurotrophin-3.[20] Physical exercise significantly increases VGF expression in mice hippocampal tissue and upregulates a neurotrophic signaling cascade thought to underlie the action of antidepressants.[12][21][22][23]

Role in pathology

Changes in expression of discrete VGF fragments have been detected in different neurological and psychiatric conditions. In schizophrenia, one study has shown an increase in the VGF23-62 peptide[24] and a subsequent small study demonstrated that drugs further increase the expression, pointing at a possible ameliorating action of the fragment. A decreased expression of VGF26-62 peptide was found in frontotemporal dementia[25] and the expression of a fragment containing aminoacids 378-398 was found to be changing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis[26] and Alzheimer's disease.[27] VGF expression has also been shown in damaged peripheral nerves, and it is thought to have a role in neuropathic pain.[28] In glioblastoma, VGF has been shown to play autocrine and paracrine roles in feedback loops between differentiated glioblastoma cells and glioblastoma-specific cancer stem cells, promoting growth, survival and self-renewal.[29]

References

  1. ↑ "Targeted deletion of the Vgf gene indicates that the encoded secretory peptide precursor plays a novel role in the regulation of energy balance". Neuron 23 (3): 537–48. July 1999. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80806-5. PMID 10433265. 
  2. ↑ "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced gene expression reveals novel actions of VGF in hippocampal synaptic plasticity". The Journal of Neuroscience 23 (34): 10800–8. November 2003. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-34-10800.2003. PMID 14645472. 
  3. ↑ "Molecular cloning of a gene sequence regulated by nerve growth factor". Science 229 (4711): 393–5. July 1985. doi:10.1126/science.3839317. PMID 3839317. Bibcode: 1985Sci...229..393L. https://zenodo.org/record/1231219. 
  4. ↑ "TLQP-21, a VGF-derived peptide, increases energy expenditure and prevents the early phase of diet-induced obesity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (39): 14584–9. September 2006. doi:10.1073/pnas.0606102103. PMID 16983076. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..10314584B. 
  5. ↑ "The VGF-derived peptide TLQP-21: a new modulatory peptide for inflammatory pain". Neuroscience Letters 441 (1): 129–33. August 2008. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.018. PMID 18586396. 
  6. ↑ "Pathophysiological role of TLQP-21: gastrointestinal and metabolic functions". Eating and Weight Disorders 13 (3): e49-54. September 2008. PMID 19011364. 
  7. ↑ "Vgf is a novel biomarker associated with muscle weakness in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), with a potential role in disease pathogenesis". International Journal of Medical Sciences 5 (2): 92–9. April 2008. doi:10.7150/ijms.5.92. PMID 18432310. 
  8. ↑ "The role of the vgf gene and VGF-derived peptides in nutrition and metabolism". Genes & Nutrition 2 (2): 169–80. November 2007. doi:10.1007/s12263-007-0047-0. PMID 18850173. 
  9. ↑ "Differential distribution of VGF-derived peptides in the adrenal medulla and evidence for their selective modulation". The Journal of Endocrinology 197 (2): 359–69. May 2008. doi:10.1677/JOE-07-0346. PMID 18434366. 
  10. ↑ "Role of VGF-derived peptides in the control of food intake, body weight and reproduction". Neuroendocrinology 88 (2): 80–7. 2008. doi:10.1159/000127319. PMID 18408361. 
  11. ↑ "Chronic intracerebroventricular injection of TLQP-21 prevents high fat diet induced weight gain in fast weight-gaining mice". Genes & Nutrition 4 (1): 49–57. March 2009. doi:10.1007/s12263-009-0110-0. PMID 19247701. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Antidepressant actions of the exercise-regulated gene VGF". Nature Medicine 13 (12): 1476–82. December 2007. doi:10.1038/nm1669. PMID 18059283. 
  13. ↑ "The neuropeptide VGF produces antidepressant-like behavioral effects and enhances proliferation in the hippocampus". The Journal of Neuroscience 27 (45): 12156–67. November 2007. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1898-07.2007. PMID 17989282. 
  14. ↑ "Neuropeptides in depression: role of VGF". Behavioural Brain Research 197 (2): 262–78. February 2009. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.006. PMID 18983874. 
  15. ↑ "VGF function in depression and antidepressant efficacy". Molecular Psychiatry 23 (7): 1632–1642. November 2017. doi:10.1038/mp.2017.233. PMID 29158577. 
  16. ↑ Jiang, Cheng; Lin, Wei-Jye; Labonté, Benoit; Tamminga, Carol A.; Turecki, Gustavo; Nestler, Eric J.; Russo, Scott J.; Salton, Stephen R. (2018-11-20). "VGF and its C-terminal peptide TLQP-62 in ventromedial prefrontal cortex regulate depression-related behaviors and the response to ketamine". Neuropsychopharmacology 44 (5): 971–981. doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0277-4. ISSN 1740-634X. PMID 30504797. 
  17. ↑ "The neurotrophin-inducible gene Vgf regulates hippocampal function and behavior through a brain-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent mechanism". The Journal of Neuroscience 28 (39): 9857–69. September 2008. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3145-08.2008. PMID 18815270. 
  18. ↑ "VGF and Its C-Terminal Peptide TLQP-62 Regulate Memory Formation in Hippocampus via a BDNF-TrkB-Dependent Mechanism". The Journal of Neuroscience 35 (28): 10343–56. July 2015. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0584-15.2015. PMID 26180209. 
  19. ↑ "Processing, distribution, and function of VGF, a neuronal and endocrine peptide precursor". Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 24 (4): 517–33. August 2004. doi:10.1023/B:CEMN.0000023627.79947.22. PMID 15233376. 
  20. ↑ "NGF-dependent and tissue-specific transcription of vgf is regulated by a CREB-p300 and bHLH factor interaction". FEBS Letters 510 (1–2): 50–6. January 2002. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(01)03227-6. PMID 11755530. 
  21. ↑ "The neuropeptide VGF produces antidepressant-like behavioral effects and enhances proliferation in the hippocampus". The Journal of Neuroscience 27 (45): 12156–67. November 2007. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1898-07.2007. PMID 17989282. 
  22. ↑ "VGF, a new player in antidepressant action?". Science Signaling 1 (18): pe19. May 2008. doi:10.1126/stke.118pe19. PMID 18460680. 
  23. ↑ "Neuropeptides in depression: role of VGF". Behavioural Brain Research 197 (2): 262–78. February 2009. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.006. PMID 18983874. 
  24. ↑ "Disease biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with first-onset psychosis". PLOS Medicine 3 (11): e428. November 2006. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030428. PMID 17090210. 
  25. ↑ "Identification of CSF biomarkers for frontotemporal dementia using SELDI-TOF". Experimental Neurology 196 (2): 273–81. December 2005. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.08.002. PMID 16154129. 
  26. ↑ "Proteomic profiling of cerebrospinal fluid identifies biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Journal of Neurochemistry 95 (5): 1461–71. December 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03478.x. PMID 16313519. free full text
  27. ↑ "A panel of cerebrospinal fluid potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease". Proteomics 3 (8): 1486–94. August 2003. doi:10.1002/pmic.200300470. PMID 12923774. 
  28. ↑ "Origins, actions and dynamic expression patterns of the neuropeptide VGF in rat peripheral and central sensory neurones following peripheral nerve injury". Molecular Pain 4: 1744-8069-4-62. December 2008. doi:10.1186/1744-8069-4-62. PMID 19077191. 
  29. ↑ "Reciprocal Signaling between Glioblastoma Stem Cells and Differentiated Tumor Cells Promotes Malignant Progression". Cell Stem Cell 22 (4): 514–528.e5. April 2018. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2018.03.011. PMID 29625067. 



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