Lead, 82Pb |
Lead |
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Pronunciation | (led) |
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Appearance | metallic gray |
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Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Pb) | 207.2(1) conventional: 207.2±1.1 |
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Lead in the periodic table |
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|
Atomic number (Z) | 82 |
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Group | group 14 (carbon group) |
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Period | period 6 |
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Block | p-block |
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Element category | p-block |
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Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 |
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Physical properties |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 600.61 K (327.46 °C, 621.43 °F) |
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Boiling point | 2022 K (1749 °C, 3180 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | 11.34 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 10.66 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | 4.77 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | 179.5 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 26.650 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
|
1
|
10
|
100
|
1 k
|
10 k
|
100 k
|
at T (K)
|
978
|
1088
|
1229
|
1412
|
1660
|
2027
|
|
Atomic properties |
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Oxidation states | −4, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.87 (+2) |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 715.6 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1450.5 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 3081.5 kJ/mol
-
|
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Atomic radius | empirical: 175 pm |
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Covalent radius | 146±5 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 202 pm |
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Spectral lines of lead |
Other properties |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | face-centered cubic (fcc) |
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Speed of sound thin rod | 1190 m/s (at r.t.) (annealed) |
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Thermal expansion | 28.9 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) |
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Thermal conductivity | 35.3 W/(m·K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 208 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) |
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Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic |
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Magnetic susceptibility | −23.0×10−6 cm3/mol (at 298 K) |
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Young's modulus | 16 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 5.6 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 46 GPa |
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Poisson ratio | 0.44 |
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Mohs hardness | 1.5 |
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Brinell hardness | 38–50 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7439-92-1 |
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History |
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Discovery | in the Middle East (7000 BCE) |
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Main isotopes of lead |
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|
Isotopic abundances vary greatly by sample |
Category: Lead view · talk · edit
| references |
Pb data m.p. cat
|
|
in
|
calc from C
|
diff
|
report
|
ref
|
C
|
327.46
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
K
|
600.61
|
600.61
|
0
|
|
|
F
|
621.43
|
621.43
|
0
|
|
|
max precision
|
2
|
WD
|
|
|
|
|
input
|
C: 327.46, K: 600.61, F: 621.43
|
comment
|
|
Pb data b.p. cat
|
|
in
|
calc from C
|
diff
|
report
|
ref
|
C
|
1749
|
—
|
—
|
|
|
K
|
2022
|
2022
|
0
|
|
|
F
|
3180
|
3180
|
0
|
|
|
max precision
|
0
|
WD
|
|
|
|
|
input
|
C: 1749, K: 2022, F: 3180
|
comment
|
|
References
These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
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