Software:Community Notes

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Short description: Fact-checking feature on X, formerly Twitter
Community Notes
Community Notes
Logo of Community Notes on X
CommunityNotesRating.png
Rating a Community Note on X
Other namesBirdwatch
Original author(s)Twitter, Inc.
Developer(s)X Corp.
Initial releaseJanuary 25, 2021
Repositoryhttps://github.com/twitter/communitynotes
Written inPython
PlatformX
Type
LicenseApache-2.0 license
Websitehttps://communitynotes.x.com/guide

Community Notes, formerly Birdwatch, is a feature on X (formerly Twitter) where contributors can "add context" such as fact-checks, under a post, image or video.[1][2][3] The program launched in 2021[4] with Community Notes becoming widespread on X in 2023.[5] As of November 2023, it has expanded to over 50 countries,[5] with approximately 133,000 contributors.[6] Notes are seen by up to 5% of the readers of the content they are attached to,[7] amounting to tens of millions of views per day.[8] It is a community-driven content moderation program,[9] in order to provide helpful and informative context,[2] based on a crowd-sourced fact-checking system.[10] Its goal is to debunk propaganda and misinformation,[11] its scope expanded when it replaced the Trust and Safety staff.[12]

Initially shown to U.S. users only, notes were popularized in March 2022 over misinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine followed by COVID-19 misinformation in October,[13][14] Birdwatch was then rebranded and expanded in November 2022.[15] Notes are published by an algorithm not based on "majority rule", but instead agreement from users who have previously disagreed. Notes are rated based on their helpfulness and applied to potentially misleading content.[16][17][18] Users are no longer able to report misleading content,[19] and posts receiving notes on X are no longer eligible for ad revenue.[20]

Elon Musk, the owner of X, considers the program as a "game changer for combating wrong information"[2][16] and having "incredible potential for improving information accuracy".[8] He has also claimed the system has been manipulated by state actors.[21][22] Critics have highlighted how it has spread disinformation, is vulnerable to manipulation,[17][23] and has been inconsistent in its application of notes, as well as it's efforts in combating of misinformation.[lower-alpha 1] X states that the program is having a "significant impact on tackling disinformation on the platform".[8]

History

The original logo of Birdwatch

In August 2020, development of Birdwatch was announced, initially described as a moderation tool.[11] Twitter first launched the Birdwatch program in January 2021, intended as a way to debunk misinformation, with a pilot program of 1,000 contributors,[4] weeks after the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[8] The aim was to "build Birdwatch in the open, and have it shaped by the Twitter community." In November 2021, Twitter updated the Birdwatch moderation tool to limit the visibility of contributors' identities by creating aliases for their accounts, in an attempt to limit bias towards the author of notes.[4][24]

Twitter then expanded access to notes made by the Birdwatch contributors in March 2022, giving a randomized set of US users the ability to view notes attached to tweets and rate them.[25] On average, contributors were noting 43 times a day in 2022 prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. This then increased to 156 on the day of the invasion, estimated to be a very small portion of the misleading posts on the platform. By March 1, only 359 of 10,000 contributors had proposed notes in 2022, while a Twitter spokeswoman described plans to scale up the program, with the focus on "ensuring that Birdwatch is something people find helpful and can help inform understanding".[26][27]

By September 2022, the program had expanded to 15,000 users.[28] In October 2022, the most commonly published notes were related to COVID-19 misinformation based on historical usage.[14] In November 2022, at the request of new owner Elon Musk, Birdwatch was rebranded to Community Notes, taking an open-source approach to deal with misinformation,[15] and expanded to Europe and countries outside of the US.[29][5][16]

Community Notes was then extended to include notes on misleading images in May 2023[18] and in September 2023 further extended to videos, but only for a group of power-users referred to as "Top Writers".[3] Twitter subsequently ended the ability to report misleading posts, instead relying exclusively on Community Notes,[19] with contributors proposing over 21,200 notes on the platform.[30] In October 2023 the program was updated for notes to appear faster on the platform, described as a "massive speed improvement" by X, as well as scaled to send notifications to users who had interacted with the posts.[31] Elon Musk further announced that posts "corrected" by Community Notes would no longer be eligible for ad revenue in order to "maximize the incentive for accuracy over sensationalism" and in order to discourage the spread of misinformation and disinformation on the platform. The move was criticised by some users and applauded by others.[20][10]

Operation

Algorithms used by Community Notes, November 17, 2023[32]

The Community Notes algorithm publishes notes based on agreement from contributors who have a history of disagreeing.[16] Rather than based on majority rule,[17] the program's algorithm prioritizes notes that receive ratings from a "diverse range of perspectives".[6] Programmer Vitalik Buterin has described the open-source algorithm as "insanely complicated".[6][33] For a note to be published, a contributor must first propose a note under a tweet.[16] The program assigns different values to contributor's ratings, categorising users with similar rating histories as a form of "opinion classification", determined by a vague alignment with the left and right-wing political spectrum. The machine-learning algorithm requires ratings from both sides of the spectrum in order to publish notes, that can have the intended effect of decreasing interaction with such content.[33][34]

Contributors are volunteers with access to an interface from which they have the ability to monitor tweets and replies that may be misleading.[16][4][35] Notes in need of ratings by contributors are located under a "Needs your help" section of the interface. Other contributors then give their opinion on the usefulness of the note, identifying notes as "Helpful" or "Not Helpful".[16][9] The contributor gets points if their note is validated,[36][16] known as "Rating Impact", that reflects how helpful a contributors' ratings have been.[9][37][38] X users are able to vote on whether they find notes helpful or not,[2] but must apply to become contributors in order to write notes, the latter being restricted by "Rating Impact" as well as the Community Notes guidelines.[9][37]

Application

Elon Musk receives a Community Note, November 12, 2022

Since 2023, Community Notes are often attached to shared articles missing context, misleading advertisements or political tweets with false arguments,[5] from content receiving widespread attention.[39]

Notes have appeared on posts by government accounts and various politicians; the White House[1][39][40] and the Federal Bureau of Investigation,[41] U.S. President Joe Biden[42] and UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak,[43] former U.S. speakers of the House[44] and presidential nominee Ron DeSantis,[45] U.S. representatives[46] and senators,[47][48] Australian ministers,[49] as well as X owner Elon Musk.[1][47][21][50]

As of October 2023,[51] a source is attached to the note so the information can be verified, in a similar manner to Wikipedia.[16][5] In December 2023, after receiving a note on one of his posts, Musk thanked contributors for "jumping in the honey pot" after claiming the system had been "gamed by state actors", with the intent of detecting so-called bad actors.[21][22]

The feature does not directly mention fact-checking but instead indicates that "readers added context".[36] They can also note when an image is digitally altered or AI-generated,[5][52] in order to crack down on such content.[53] X allows contributors to add Community Notes to adverts, which the Financial Times noted was good for consumers but not for advertisers.[54][36] This resulted in brands such as Apple, Samsung, Uber and Evony receiving notes on their adverts and being accused of false of misleading posts, advertisers deleting certain posts that received notes, as well as modifying content for future advertisements.[30]

Criticisms and analysis

Former head of Twitter's Trust and Safety, Yoel Roth, has since expressed concern over the effectiveness of the system in the early stages of the program, claiming Birdwatch was never supposed to replace the curation team, but instead intended to complement it. Another former employee said it was "an imperfect replacement for Trust and Safety staff". In December 2021, a study by MIT researchers subsequently found users overwhelming prioritised political content, even though 80% were correctly considered misleading. A researcher at Sloan School of Management found contributors were more likely to fact-check posts with differing political views to their own, and it was unclear whether contributors had the required skills and knowledge.[8][55]

A Community Notes contributor and NAFO member has claimed it is liable to coordinated manipulation, rife with infighting, and lacks oversight from the platform. Wired noted that in the backend of the database most notes remain unpublished, and that numerous contributors engage in "conspiracy-fueled" discussions.[8] Musk claims that anyone trying to "weaponize Community Notes to demonetize people will be immediately obvious", due to the open-source nature of the code and data.[10]

Regarding the situation in Israel and Gaza, with the difficulty of identifying accurate information and the number of unknown factors, MIT professor David Rand said "what I expect the crowd to produce is a lot of noise", regarding the crowd-sourced system. A contributor otherwise claims an issue with the system is that "it's not really scalable for the amount of media that's being consumed or posted in any given day".[8] On November 14, X claimed that notes have been seen over a hundred million times in the first month of the Israel-Hamas conflict, after reaching over 85 million in the first week.[7]

Studies and investigations

Community Notes has also experienced multi-day delays in publishing notes on misinformation in the 2023 Israel-Hamas war or failed to do so. One study by NBC News found that in the case of a fake White House press release claiming the destruction of the St. Porphyrius Orthodox Church - a week before the destruction - only 8% of posts had notes published, 26% had unpublished notes, while the majority had no proposed notes.[56] Analysis from NewsGuard of 250 of the most-engaged posts, spreading the most common unsubstantiated claims about the Israel-Hamas war and viewed more than 100 million times, failed to receive notes 68% of the time. The report found Community Notes were "inconsistently applied to top myths relating to the conflict."[57][58][59] The fact-checking website Snopes discovered three posts from verified users, who had shared a video of a hospitalized man from Gaza with false captions claiming it showed "crisis actors", had failed to receive any Community Notes after 24 hours.[60]

In October 2023, Bellingcat found the program spread false information, in reference to Taylor Swift's bodyguard due to misinformation.[17] The ADL documented the possibility of conflicting notes appearing, after Jackson Hinkle falsely claimed a graphic image of the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel was AI-generated, and notes initially appeared in disagreement due to unreliable information from AI detector software.[61] Wired has documented that Community Notes is susceptible to disinformation, after a graphic Hamas video shared by Donald Trump Jr. was falsely flagged as being a year old, but was instead found to be part of the recent conflict.[23] The original note was later replaced with another citing the report from Wired.[8]

In November 2023, the Atlantic Council conducted an interactive study of Community Notes highlighting how the system operated slowly and inconsistently regarding Israel and Gaza misinformation. In one example, an image originally received a Community Note but continued to spread regardless receiving over 3 million views after a week. Hundreds of viral posts from the notes public database were analyzed and according to researchers fast-moving breaking news wasn't labeled. Across 400 posts of misinformation, a note took on average 7 hours to appear, while others took 70 hours. The analysis however did show that over 50% of the posts received a note within 8 hours, with only a few taking longer than 2 days. The study included 100 tweets from 83 users who had signed up to X Premium in the past 4 months, along with 42 tweets from 25 accounts that were reinstated by Elon Musk, including Laura Loomer. The study also included Jackson Hinkle.[62][63]

A NewsGuard report found advertising appearing on 15 posts with a Community Note attached in the week of November 13, 2023, indicating that "misinformation super-spreaders" may still be eligible for ad revenue, despite posts with notes attached being ineligible according to Musk.[64][65] On November 30, a Mashable investigation found most users never see published notes, with examples highlighting notes seen by less than 1% and 5% of users who viewed misinformation content. Overall, a large disparity was found between the number of views on posts and the notes that attach themselves, with only 3 of 50 notes from the study receiving half as many views as the post they were attached to. Posts with misinformation were often found to receive 5 to 10 times more views than the fact-checking note, proving the approved note wasn't removed but remained attached.[7]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Inconsistencies and delays in publishing notes related to the 2023 Israel-Hamas war:

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Miller, Carl (November 20, 2022). "Elon Musk Embraces Twitter's Radical Fact-Checking Experiment" (in en-US). Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-embraces-twitters-radical-crowdsourcing-experiment/. Retrieved 2023-11-24. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Sankaran, Vishwam (December 12, 2022). "Twitter's new Community Notes feature lets people add context to tweets" (in en). https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/twitter-community-notes-tweet-context-b2243311.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Khalid, Amrita (2023-09-06). "X's Community Notes feature will now include videos" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/6/23861669/x-twitter-community-notes-video-fact-checking. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Lyons, Kim (January 25, 2021). "Twitter launches Birdwatch, a fact-checking program intended to fight misinformation". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/25/22248903/twitter-birdwatch-fact-checking-misinformation. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Baldacchino, Julien (August 10, 2023). "Avec les 'notes de communauté', Twitter (X) marche sur les pas... de Wikipédia" (in fr). https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/avec-les-notes-de-communaute-twitter-x-marche-sur-les-pas-de-wikipedia-8574656. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Kenningham, Lucy (2023-11-09). "Bird watching: What's going on with X/Twitter's Community Notes?" (in en-GB). https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/bird-watching-going-x-twitter-111442959.html. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Binder, Matt (2023-11-30). "Most users on X never see Community Notes correcting misinformation" (in en). https://mashable.com/article/twitter-x-community-notes-misinformation-views-investigation. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Elliott, Vittoria (October 17, 2023). "Elon Musk's Main Tool for Fighting Disinformation on X Is Making the Problem Worse, Insiders Claim" (in en-US). Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. https://www.wired.com/story/x-community-notes-disinformation/. Retrieved 2023-11-17. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Weatherbed, Jess (2022-12-21). "Twitter is restricting who can write Community Notes" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/21/23520486/twitter-community-notes-restriction-rating-impact-content-moderation. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Bellan, Rebecca (2023-10-29). "Posts with misinformation on X become 'ineligible for revenue share' says Musk" (in en-US). https://techcrunch.com/2023/10/29/posts-with-misinformation-on-x-become-ineligible-for-revenue-share-says-musk/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Hollister, Sean (2020-10-04). "Twitter's 'Birdwatch' looks like a new attempt to root out propaganda and misinformation" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/4/21500687/twitter-birdwatch-misinfo-tool-propaganda. 
  12. ↑ Tue, Mike Masnick (October 31, 2023). "Community Notes Is A Useful Tool For Some Things… But Not As A Full Replacement For Trust & Safety" (in en-US). https://www.techdirt.com/2023/10/31/community-notes-is-a-useful-tool-for-some-things-but-not-as-a-full-replacement-for-trust-safety/. 
  13. ↑ Sato, Mia (2022-03-03). "Twitter will start showing crowd-sourced fact checks to some users" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2022/3/3/22959888/twitter-birdwatch-crowdsourcing-fact-checking. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Faife, Corin (2022-10-10). "COVID misinfo is the biggest challenge for Twitter's Birdwatch program, data shows" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2022/10/10/23393021/twitter-birdwatch-covid-misinformation-data-analysis-misinformation-fact-check. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Sankaran, Vishwam (2022-12-12). "Twitter's new Community Notes feature lets people add context to tweets" (in en). https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/twitter-community-notes-tweet-context-b2243311.html. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 Leloup, Damien (July 3, 2023). "I spent one week as an 'arbiter of truth' on Twitter's 'Community Notes' service" (in en). Le Monde.fr. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/pixels/article/2023/07/03/i-spent-one-week-as-an-arbiter-of-truth-on-twitter-s-community-notes-service_6042188_13.html. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Bellingcat Investigation Team (2023-10-20). "X's Community Notes is Spreading False Information About Taylor Swift's Bodyguard" (in en-GB). https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2023/10/20/xs-community-notes-is-spreading-false-information-about-taylor-swifts-bodyguard/. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Sato, Mia (2023-05-30). "Twitter is adding crowdsourced fact checks to images" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/30/23742851/twitter-notes-images-crowdsourced-fact-checks-misinformation-moderation. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Taylor, Josh (2023-09-27). "X/Twitter scraps feature letting users report misleading information" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/sep/27/xtwitter-scraps-function-letting-users-report-misleading-information. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Roeloffs, Mary Whitfill (October 29, 2023). "Musk: X Users Won't Make Money Off Corrected Tweets" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2023/10/29/musk-x-users-wont-make-money-off-corrected-tweets/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "Elon Musk fact-checked on X by his own system - but claims it has been 'gamed by state actors'" (in en). https://news.sky.com/story/elon-musk-fact-checked-on-x-by-his-own-system-but-claims-it-has-been-gamed-by-state-actors-13028020. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Bump, Philip (2023-12-11). "A new benchmark on the right's descent into surreality". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/12/11/musk-alex-jones-x-misinformation/. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Gilbert, David. "A Graphic Hamas Video Donald Trump Jr. Shared on X Is Actually Real, Research Confirms". Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/x-community-notes-failures/. Retrieved October 12, 2023. 
  24. ↑ Lyons, Kim (November 22, 2021). "Twitter introduces aliases for contributors to its Birdwatch moderation program". https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/22/22796918/twitter-moderation-birdwatch-aliases-contributors-misinformation. 
  25. ↑ Perez, Sarah (March 3, 2022). "Twitter to show 'Birdwatch' community fact-checks to more users, following criticism". https://techcrunch.com/2022/03/03/twitter-to-show-birdwatch-community-fact-checks-to-more-users-following-criticism/. 
  26. ↑ Oremus, Will; Merrill, Jeremy B. (March 2, 2022). "As Ukraine misinformation rages, Twitter's fact-checking tool is a no-show". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/03/01/twitter-birdwatch-ukraine-fact-checking-misinfo/. 
  27. ↑ Godel, William; Sanderson, Zeve; Aslett, Kevin; Nagler, Jonathan; Bonneau, Richard; Persily, Nathaniel; Tucker, Joshua A. (2021-10-28). "Moderating with the Mob: Evaluating the Efficacy of Real-Time Crowdsourced Fact-Checking" (in en). Journal of Online Trust and Safety 1 (1). doi:10.54501/jots.v1i1.15. ISSN 2770-3142. https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/15/6. Retrieved November 25, 2023. 
  28. ↑ Kelly, Makena (2022-09-07). "Twitter is expanding its experimental community moderation system" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/7/23341003/twitter-birdwatch-community-moderation-notes-misinformation-tweets-qanon. 
  29. ↑ Biron, Bethany. "Elon Musk said Twitter's Birdwatch feature will be renamed 'Community Notes' and is aimed at 'improving information accuracy' amid growing content-moderation concerns". https://www.businessinsider.com/musk-renames-birdwatch-community-notes-touts-improving-accuracy-2022-11. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Coffee, Patrick; Graham, Megan (2023-10-05). "'This Is a False Advertisement': X Ads Are Being Challenged by Reader Context" (in en-US). The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/this-is-a-false-advertisement-x-ads-are-being-challenged-by-reader-context-239ef2e6. 
  31. ↑ Perez, Sarah (2023-10-12). "After delays, X updates Community Notes fact-checks to improve speed and distribution" (in en-US). https://techcrunch.com/2023/10/12/after-delays-x-updates-community-notes-fact-checks-to-improve-speed-and-distribution/. 
  32. ↑ "Note ranking algorithm" (in en). November 17, 2023. https://communitynotes.twitter.com/guide/en/under-the-hood/ranking-notes. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Fan, Eric; Dottle, Rachael; Wagner, Kurt (December 19, 2022). "Twitter's Fact-Checking System Has a Major Blind Spot: Anything Divisive". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2022-twitter-birdwatch-community-notes-misinformation-politics/. 
  34. ↑ Czopek, Madison (2023-06-30). "Why Twitter's Community Notes feature mostly fails to combat misinformation" (in en-US). https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2023/why-twitters-community-notes-feature-mostly-fails-to-combat-misinformation/. 
  35. ↑ "About Community Notes on X | X Help" (in en). https://help.twitter.com/en/using-x/community-notes. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Kelly, Jemima (May 4, 2023). "Has Twitter discovered a better way of correcting online falsehoods?". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/d4e4f0f2-6240-4b19-b85f-7ca2da3a3aa9. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Perez, Sarah (2022-11-28). "Twitter says crowdsourced fact-checking system updated to better address 'low quality' contributions" (in en-US). https://techcrunch.com/2022/11/28/twitter-says-crowdsourced-fact-checking-system-updated-to-better-address-low-quality-contributions/. 
  38. ↑ "Rating and Writing Impact" (in en). https://communitynotes.twitter.com/guide/en/contributing/writing-and-rating-impact. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Reimann, Nicholas (November 2, 2022). "White House Deletes Misleading Tweet Giving Biden Credit For Social Security Check Raise" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicholasreimann/2022/11/02/white-house-deletes-misleading-tweet-giving-biden-credit-for-social-security-check-raise/. 
  40. ↑ "X community notes: Weapon against fake news or free speech?" (in en). 2023-09-03. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2023/09/03/tech/x-twitter-community-notes/. 
  41. ↑ McHardy, Martha (2024-01-16). "FBI hit with community note after tweeting praise of Martin Luther King Jr" (in en). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/fbi-martin-luther-king-community-note-b2479653.html. 
  42. ↑
  43. ↑
  44. ↑
  45. ↑ Novak, Matt. "Ron DeSantis Ends Campaign With Fake Quote From Winston Churchill" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattnovak/2024/01/21/ron-desantis-ends-campaign-with-fake-quote-from-winston-churchill/. 
  46. ↑
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Pahwa, Nitish (2023-07-10). "What I Saw in Elon Musk's Truth Army" (in en-US). Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. https://slate.com/technology/2023/07/twitter-community-notes-elon-musk-fact-checking.html. 
  48. ↑
  49. ↑
  50. ↑ Writer, Nick Mordowanec Staff (2023-12-15). "Microsoft Word's warning about using non-inclusive language goes viral" (in en). https://www.newsweek.com/microsoft-word-warning-non-inclusive-language-viral-1852942. 
  51. ↑ Hindy, Joe (October 18, 2023). "Twitter Community Notes to Require Contributors to Provide Sources" (in en). https://www.pcmag.com/news/twitter-community-notes-to-require-contributors-to-provide-sources. 
  52. ↑ Mehta, Ivan (2023-05-31). "Twitter launches Community Notes for images" (in en-US). https://techcrunch.com/2023/05/31/twitter-launches-community-notes-for-images/. 
  53. ↑ Shah, Saqib (2023-05-31). "Twitter tries to crack down on AI images with Community Notes feature" (in en). https://www.standard.co.uk/news/tech/twitter-ai-images-community-notes-new-feature-b1084836.html. 
  54. ↑ Morrissey, Brian (May 2, 2023). "Elon Musk: Web 2.0 man" (in en). https://www.therebooting.com/p/elon-musk-web-20-man. 
  55. ↑ Rand, David; Martel, Cameron; Lee Allen, Jennifer Nancy (December 2, 2021). "Birds of a feather don't fact-check each other: Partisanship and the evaluation of news in Twitter's Birdwatch crowdsourced fact-checking program" (PDF). https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/57e3q. 
  56. ↑ Goggin, Ben (2023-10-10). "Elon Musk's fact-checking system delayed Israel corrections for days" (in en). https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/misinformation/elon-musk-x-fact-check-israel-misinformation-rcna119658. 
  57. ↑ "Blue-Checked, 'Verified' Users on X Produce 74 Percent of the Platform's Most Viral False or Unsubstantiated Claims Relating to the Israel-Hamas War - Misinformation Monitor: October 2023" (in en-US). https://www.newsguardtech.com/misinformation-monitor/october-2023. 
  58. ↑ Weatherbed, Jess (2023-10-20). "Blue checkmarks on X are 'superspreaders of misinformation' about Israel-Hamas war" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2023/10/20/23925086/x-verified-blue-checkmarks-superspreader-misinformation-israel-hamas-war. 
  59. ↑ Spangler, Todd (2023-10-20). "X/Twitter Verified Blue Check-Mark Users Are 'Superspreaders' of Disinformation About Israel-Hamas War, Study Says" (in en-US). https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/x-twitter-blue-check-mark-users-superspreaders-disinformation-israel-hamas-war-1235763100/. 
  60. ↑ Liles, Jordan (2023-11-13). "'Verified' Users on X Falsely Claim Video of Hospitalized Palestinian Man and Mother Is 'Fake'" (in en). https://www.snopes.com/news/2023/11/13/video-palestinian-man-mother/. 
  61. ↑ ADL, Center for Technology and Society (November 1, 2023). "Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI): Increasing the Fog of War between Israel and Hamas" (in en). https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/generative-artificial-intelligence-gai-increasing-fog-war-between-israel-and-hamas. 
  62. ↑ Alba, Davey; Lu, Denise; Yin, Leon; Fan, Eric (2023-11-21). "How Musk's X Is Failing To Stem the Surge of Misinformation About Israel and Gaza" (in en). Bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2023-israel-hamas-war-misinformation-twitter-community-notes/. 
  63. ↑ Syme, Pete (November 21, 2023). "Elon Musk's pet feature on X took as long as 3 days to flag fake news about Israel and Gaza, analysis shows" (in en-US). https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-x-community-notes-delay-in-flagging-fake-news-2023-11. 
  64. ↑ Davis, Wes (2023-11-24). "Some X 'misinformation super-spreaders' may be eligible for ads payouts" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/24/23973876/x-misinformation-revenue-sharing-israel-hamas-premium-subscriber-blue-checkmarks-verified. 
  65. ↑ "Brand Danger: X and Misinformation Super-spreaders Share Ad Money from False Claims About the Israel-Hamas War" (in en-US). https://www.newsguardtech.com/misinformation-monitor/november-2023. 




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