Social:Upper Chinook language
| Upper Chinook | |
|---|---|
| Kiksht | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Columbia River |
| Extinct | 11 July 2012[1] with the death of Gladys Thompson |
Chinookan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | wac |
| Glottolog | wasc1239[2] |
Upper Chinook, endonym Kiksht,[3] also known as Columbia Chinook, and Wasco-Wishram after its last surviving dialect, is a recently extinct language of the US Pacific Northwest. It had 69 speakers in 1990, of whom 7 were monolingual: five Wasco[4] and two Wishram. In 2001, there were five remaining speakers of Wasco.[5]
The last fully fluent speaker of Kiksht, Gladys Thompson, died in July 2012.[1] She had been honored for her work by the Oregon Legislature in 2007.[6][7][8] Two new speakers were teaching Kiksht at the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in 2006.[9] The Northwest Indian Language Institute of the University of Oregon formed a partnership to teach Kiksht and Numu in the Warm Springs schools.[10][11] Audio and video files of Kiksht are available at the Endangered Languages Archive.[12]
The last fluent speaker of the Wasco-Wishram dialect was Madeline Brunoe McInturff, and she died on 11 July 2006 at the age of 91.[13]
Dialects
- Multnomah, once spoken on Sauvie Island and in the Portland, Oregon area in northwestern Oregon
- Kiksht
- Watlala or Watlalla, also known as Cascades, now extinct (two groups, one on each side of the Columbia River; the Oregon group were called Gahlawaihih [Curtis]).
- Hood River, now extinct (spoken by the Hood River Band of the Hood River Wasco in Oregon, also known as Ninuhltidih [Curtis] or Kwikwulit [Mooney])
- White Salmon, now extinct (spoken by the White Salmon River Band of Wishram in Washington)
- Wasco-Wishram (the Wishram lived north of the Columbia River in Washington and the kin Wasco lived south of the same river in Oregon)
- Clackamas, now extinct, was spoken in northwestern Oregon along the Clackamas and Sandy rivers.
Kathlamet has been classified as an additional dialect; it was not mutually intelligible.
Phonology
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | lateral | plain | labial | plain | labial | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | p | t | ts | tɬ | tʃ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ |
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ɡʷ | |||||||
| Continuant | voiceless | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | xʷ | χ | χʷ | h | ||
| voiced | w | l | j | ɣ | ɣʷ | ||||||
Vowels in Kiksht are as follows: /u a i ɛ ə/.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kristian Foden-Vencil (2012-07-17). "Last Fluent Speaker Of Oregon Tribal Language 'Kiksht' Dies". Oregon Public Broadcasting. http://www.opb.org/news/article/last-fluent-speaker-oregon-tribal-language-kiksht-dies/.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Upper Chinook". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/wasc1239.
- ↑ Leonard, Wesley Y.; Haynes, Erin (December 2010). "Making "collaboration" collaborative: An examination of perspectives that frame linguistic field research". Language Documentation & Conservation 4: 269–293. ISSN 1934-5275. http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/4482.
- ↑ Culture: Language. The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon. 2009 (retrieved 9 April 2009)
- ↑ "Lewis & Clark—Tribes—Wasco Indians". National Geographic. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lewisandclark/record_tribes_065_13_32.html.
- ↑ Last Fluent Speaker of Kiksht Dies
- ↑ "Honors Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs elder Gladys Miller Thompson for her contribution to preserving Native languages of Oregon.". 74th OREGON LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY--2007 Regular Session. http://www.leg.state.or.us/07reg/measures/scr1.dir/scr0008.intro.html.
- ↑ "Zelma Smith, 1926-2010". Spilyay Tymoo, Coyote News, the Newspaper of the Warm Springs Reservation. http://www.wsnews.org/wsnews/News/.
- ↑ Keith Chu (2006-07-30). "New speakers try to save language". The Bulletin (Bend, OR). http://www.bendbulletin.com/article/20060730/NEWS0107/607300331/.
- ↑ Joanne B. Mulcahy (2005). "Warm Springs: A Convergence of Cultures" (Oregon History Project). http://www.ohs.org/the-oregon-history-project/narratives/oregon-folklife-traditions/central-oregon/warm-springs.cfm.
- ↑ Aaron Clark. "USA: Tribes Strive to Save Native Tongues". GALDU, Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=2818&giella1=eng.
- ↑ Nariyo Kono. "Conversational Kiksht". Endangered Languages Archive. http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/kono2009kiksht.
- ↑ "Holy road: Speaker of Wasco language dead at 91 - Indian Country Media Network" (in en-US). https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/holy-road-speaker-of-wasco-language-dead-at-91/.
Bibliography
- Sapir, Edward; Curtin, Jeremiah (1909). Wishram texts, together with Wasco tales and myths. E.J. Brill. ASIN: B000855RIW. https://archive.org/details/wishramtexts00sapirich.
- Dyk, Walter (1933). A Grammar of Wishram. New Haven: Yale University: Yale University Press.
External links
- Nariyo Kono. "Conversational Kiksht". Endangered Languages Archive. http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/kono2009kiksht.
- Kiksht - Washco Wishram - Upper Chinook videos, YouTube
- Wasco-Wishram Indian Language (Upper Chinook, Kiksht, Clackamas) at native-languages.org
- Digital Kiksht, video about digitizing Kiksht language materials
- Audio of spoken Kiksht
br:Waskoeg-wichrameg nl:Wasco (volk)
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