Social:Same-sex adoption

From HandWiki
Short description: Adoption of children by members of the same sex

Same-sex adoption is the adoption of children by same-sex couples. It may take the form of a joint adoption by the couple, or of the adoption by one partner of the other's biological child (stepchild adoption).

Joint adoption by same-sex couples is permitted in 37 countries. Most countries and territories that allow same-sex marriage (exceptions being Ecuador, Nepal, and some Mexican states), as well as several countries and dependent territories that do not (Bolivia, Croatia, Israel, Liechtenstein, Bermuda and the Cayman Islands) allow for same-sex joint adoption. In some of the countries with marriage, legislation for adoption preceded that for marriage.

Adoption is only permitted for same sex married couples in 21 of the 31 Mexican states and Mexico City, despite a Supreme Court ruling that requires states to allow it. Stepchild adoption is permitted for same-sex couples in just one country without same-sex marriage - San Marino permits step-child adoption in which the registered partner can adopt the biological and, in some cases, the adopted child of his or her partner.

Given that constitutions and statutes usually do not address the adoption rights of LGBT persons, judicial decisions often determine whether they can serve as parents either individually or as couples. Opponents of adoption by same-sex couples have argued that LGBT parenting adversely affects children. However, research consistently shows that gay and lesbian parents are as fit and capable as heterosexual parents, and their children are as psychologically healthy and well-adjusted as those reared by heterosexual parents.[1][2][3]

Same-sex parents pursuing adoption must also contend with social pressures to conform to heteronormative gender roles.[4] The concept of gender role models is necessitated by the bureaucratic organization of foster care and adoption agencies, particularly in the United States.[5]

LGBT parenting

Lesbian couple with children
Main page: Social:LGBT parenting

The existing body of research on outcomes for children with LGBT parents includes limited studies that consider the specific case of adoption. Moreover, where studies do mention adoption they often fail to distinguish between outcomes for unrelated children versus those in their original family or step-families, causing research on the more general case of LGBT parenting to be used to counter the claims of LGBT-adoption opponents.[6] One study has addressed the question directly, evaluating the outcomes of adoptees less than 3-years old who had been placed in one of 56 lesbian and gay households since infancy. Despite the small sample, and the fact that the children have yet to become aware of their adoption status or the dynamics of gender development, the study found no significant associations between parental sexual orientation and child adjustment.[4]

Scientific research indicates that the children of same-sex couples fare just as well as the children of opposite-sex couples.[7]

In 1979, Reverend John Kuiper of the Metropolitan Community Church and his husband became the first gay men in America to win the right to adopt a child.[5][8]

Debate

Arguments

The adoption of children by LGBT people is an issue of active debate. In the United States, for example, legislation to prevent adoption by LGBT people has been introduced in many jurisdictions; such efforts have largely been defeated. Prior to 1973, state courts commonly barred gay and lesbian individuals from holding a parenting role, especially through adoption.[9]

Major professional organizations have made statements in defense of adoption by same-sex couples. The American Psychological Association has supported adoption by same-sex couples, citing social prejudice as harming the psychological health of lesbians and gays while noting there is no evidence that their parenting causes harm.[10][11][12][13] The American Medical Association has issued a similar position supporting second parent adoption by same-sex partner, stating that lack of formal recognition can cause health-care disparities for children of same-sex parents.[14]

The following arguments are made in support of adoption by LGBT parents:

  • The right of a child to have a family, guardians or people who can take care of their wellbeing.[15]
  • Human rights – child's and parent's right to have a family life.[16]
  • There are almost no differences between children raised by same-sex or straight couples.[17][18][19] For that reason, sexual orientation of the parents has almost no relevance when it comes to raising a child[20]
  • Evidence confirming that, despite the claims of those opposed to LGBT+ parenting,[21] same-sex couples can provide good conditions to raise a child[22][23]
  • For the children, adoption is a better alternative to orphanage[24][25][26][27][28][excessive citations]
  • Less formalities for step-parents in everyday life, as well as the situation of a death of a biological parent of a child[29][30]

The following arguments are made against adoption by LGBT parents:

  • Many adoption agencies are faith-based - it may go against their religion to support LGBTQ+ parents.[31]
  • Children need a mom and a dad, rather than both of one or the other, or neither (in the case of nonbinary parents). They assume that one gender can teach certain things to their children that the other gender can not.[32][33]
  • Children raised in same-sex parenting (or otherwise LGBTQ+) households are more likely to grow up to be openly LGBT+.[32]
  • There are a lot of thoughts about typical gender roles, including what a mother and father should do in the house, as well as women needing to "domesticate" men.[32]

Public opinion

Legal status

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples around the world:
  Joint adoption by same-sex couples allowed
  Only second-parent adoption allowed
  Adoption not available to married same-sex couples
  Neither same-sex adoption nor same-sex marriage allowed

Joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in the following 36 countries:

  • Andorra (2014)[34]
  • Argentina (2010)[35]
  • Australia (first jurisdiction 2002, last jurisdiction 2018)
  • Austria (2016)[36]
  • Belgium (2006)[37]
  • Bolivia (first couples eligible 2020; nationwide 2023)
  • Brazil (2010)[38]
  • Canada (first jurisdiction 1996, last jurisdiction 2011)[39][40]
  • Chile (2022)[41]
  • Colombia (2015)[42]
  • Costa Rica (2020)
  • Croatia (2022)[43]
  • Cuba (2022)
  • Denmark (2010)[44]
    • Greenland (2016)[45]
    • Faroe Islands (2017)[46]
  • Estonia (2024; step-child adoption since 2016)[47]
  • Finland (2017)[48]
  • France (2013)[49]
  • Germany (2017)[50]
  • Iceland (2006)[51]
  • Ireland (2015)[52]
  • Israel (2008)
  • Liechtenstein (2023) [53]
  • Luxembourg (2015)[54][55]
  • Malta (2014)[56]
  • Netherlands (2001)[57]
  • New Zealand (2013)[57]
  • Norway (2009)[58]
  • Portugal (2016)[59]
  • Slovenia (2022)[60][61]
  • South Africa (2002)[62]
  • Spain (2005)[63]
  • Sweden (2003)[64]
  • Switzerland (2022)[65]
  • Taiwan (2023)[66]
  • United Kingdom
  • United States (first jurisdiction 1993, last jurisdiction 2017)[71][72][73]
  • Uruguay (2009)[74][75]

Joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in the following subnational jurisdictions or dependent territories:

  • UK Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories:
    • Bermuda (2015)[76]
    • Cayman Islands (2019)
    • Gibraltar (2014)[77]
    • Guernsey (2017)[78]
    • Isle of Man (2011)[79]
    • Jersey (2012)[80]
    • Pitcairn Islands (2015)[81]
    • Falkland Islands (2017)[82]
    • Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (2017)[83]
  • Mexico:
    • Aguascalientes (2019)[84]
    • Baja California (2017)
    • Baja California Sur (2022)[85]
    • Campeche (2016)[86]
    • Chiapas (2017)[87]
    • Chihuahua (2017)
    • Coahuila (2014)[88]
    • Colima (2016)[89]
    • Durango (2022 -- prohibition never existed)
    • Jalisco (2019)
    • Hidalgo (2019)
    • Mexico City (2010)[90]
    • Michoacán (2016)[91]
    • Morelos (2016)[92]
    • Nayarit (2019)
    • Nuevo Leon (2019)
    • Puebla (2017)
    • Querétaro (2017)[93]
    • Quintana Roo (2022)[94]
    • San Luis Potosí (2019)[95]
    • Tamaulipas (prior to 2022 -- there is no prohibition)[96]
    • Veracruz (2016)[97]
  • Caribbean Netherlands (2012)[98]

The following countries permit step-child adoption in which the partner in a relationship can adopt the natural and the adopted child of his or her partner:

  • San Marino (2018)[99]

Step-child adoption is legal in the following subnational jurisdictions or dependent territories:

In Italy step-child adoption is not legal and can only be recognized by court order since 2016.[103]

Africa

South Africa

South Africa is the only African country to allow joint adoption by same-sex couples. The 2002 decision of the Constitutional Court in the case of Du Toit v Minister of Welfare and Population Development amended the Child Care Act, 1983 to allow both joint adoption and step-parent adoption by "permanent same-sex life partners".[104] The Child Care Act has since been replaced by the Children's Act, 2005, which allows joint adoption by "partners in a permanent domestic life-partnership", whether same- or opposite-sex, and step-parent adoption by a person who is the "permanent domestic life-partner" of the child's current parent.[105] Same-sex marriage has been legal since 2006, and is equivalent to opposite-sex marriage for all purposes, including adoption.[106]

Americas

Legal status in the states of Mexico.
  Joint adoption by same-sex couples allowed
  No laws allowing adoption by married same-sex couples
Legal status of adoption by Same sex couples in South America
  Couple adoption legal
  Couple adoption illegal
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal
  Unknown/ambiguous

Argentina

Argentina allows adoption by same and different-sex marriages, and even by single people, since 2010. The law makes no difference in the requirements for adoption for any of these.[107]

Canada

Canada has no nation-wide law legalizing same-sex adoption, but rather has smaller provincial laws that cover the entire nation. Same-sex adoption legalization in Canada began with British Columbia in 1996 and was finalized with Nunavut in 2011.[108][109] By 2013, an Ipsos Global poll showed 70% of Canadians approved of same-sex adoption to some degree with 45% strongly approving.[110]

Chile

Since March 10, 2022 joint parenthood of same-sex couples is legal in Chile after the entry into force of Law 21,400 on Equal Marriage, which explicitly guarantees non-discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity for custody purposes, filiation and adoption whether or not the couples are married or whether or not they had their children through assisted human fertilization. The law amends the Civil Code to recognize the parents of children as their mother and/or father, their two mothers, or their two fathers.[111]

A 2021 survey, shows that 65% of Chileans support same-sex adoption.[112]

Colombia

On 4 November 2015, in a 6-2 Constitutional Court ruling, Colombia decided to allow adoption by LGBT peoples.[113] The ruling came before same-sex marriage became legal in the country on 28 April 2016.[114]

Cuba

Cuba allows adoption by same-sex marriages (since September 2022 referendum) and different-sex marriages, and even by single people.

Honduras

As of May 2019, the Honduras Supreme Court is expected to rule on a decision regarding both same-sex marriage and adoption.[115]

Mexico

Same-sex couples are able to adopt in Mexico City (since 2010), Coahuila (2014), Campeche (2016), Colima (2016), Michoacán (2016), Morelos (2016), Veracruz (2016), Baja California (2017), Chihuahua (2017), Querétaro (2017), Puebla (2018), Chiapas (2018), Nayarit (2019), Aguascalientes (2019), Hidalgo (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019), Quintana Roo (2022) and Durango (2022).

In Mexico City, the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District passed legislation on 21 December 2009 enabling same-sex couples to adopt children.[116] Eight days later, Head of Government ("Mayor") Marcelo Ebrard signed the bill into law, which officially took effect on 4 March 2010.[90][117]

On 24 November 2011, the Coahuila Supreme Court struck down the state's law barring same-sex couples from adopting, urging the state's legislature to amend the adoption law as soon as possible.[118] On 12 February 2014, the state's congress overwhelmingly approved the measure more than two years following the supreme court decision.[88]

On 3 February 2017 the SCJN emitted tesis 08/2017 in which it is stated that the family of the LGBT community doesn't end with a couple, but that it also extends onto the right to have and raise children. Therefore, LGBT couples wishing to form a family and adopt children will be legally protected and can't be limited by any governmental entity.[119]

In October 2021, a bill was introduced to the legislature of Baja California Sur.[120]

In September 2022, a bill was passed in Quintana Roo.[94]

United States

Adoption by LGBT individuals or same-sex couples is legal in all fifty states as of June 2017.

Uruguay

A government-sponsored adoption law in Uruguay allowing LGBT adoption was approved by the lower house on 28 August 2009, and by the Senate on 9 September 2009. In October 2009, the law was signed by President and took effect.[75] According to Equipos Mori Poll's, 53% of Uruguayans are opposed to same sex adoption against 39% that support it. Interconsult's Poll made in 2008 says that 49% are opposed to same sex adoption against 35% that support it.[74][121]

Asia

LGBT rights for adoption of children in Asia are almost nonexistent, except in Israel and Taiwan. Some Asian countries still criminalize same-sex activities and do not have anti-discrimination laws, which are obstacles for legislating for LGBT adoption.[122]

Israel

A January 2005 ruling of the Israeli Supreme Court allowed stepchild adoptions for same-sex couples. Israel previously allowed limited co-guardianship rights for non-biological parents.[123] In February 2008, a court in Israel ruled that same-sex couples were now permitted to adopt a child regardless of whether the child is biologically related or not to either parent.[124] This marked a watershed in granting equal rights to all gay people in Israel.[124]

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in part of West Asia and in Egypt
  Gay adoption legal
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal
  Neither/unknown/ambiguous

Taiwan

Until 2023, members of same-sex couples could only adopt the biological child of their spouse (so-called stepchild adoptions). Taiwan law allowed for opposite-sex married people to jointly adopt, and also allowed single individuals to adopt, depending on the circumstances, including individual LGBT people. The same-sex marriage law only granted same-sex couples the right to adopt children genetically related to one of the spouses.[125]

Europe

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in Europe:
  Joint adoption legal
  Stepparent adoption legal
  No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples

In February 2006, France 's Court of Cassation ruled that both partners in a same-sex relationship can have parental rights over one partner's biological child. The result came from a case where a woman tried to give parental rights of her two daughters to her partner, with whom she was in a civil union.[126] In the case of adoption, however, in February 2007, the same court ruled against a lesbian couple where one partner tried to adopt the child of the other partner. The court stated that the woman's partner cannot be recognized unless the mother withdrew her own parental rights.[127][128] On 17 May 2013, French President François Hollande signed into law the bill that opened marriage and adoption rights linked to it for same sex couples.[129]

In 1998, a nursery school teacher from Lons-le-Saunier, living as a couple with another woman, had applied for an authorization to adopt a child from the département (local government) of Jura. The adoption board recommended against the authorization because the child would lack a paternal reference, and thus the president of the département ruled against the authorization.[130] The case was appealed before the administrative courts and ended before the Council of State, acting as supreme administrative court, which ruled against the woman.[131] The European Court of Human Rights concluded that these actions and this ruling were a violation of Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights taken in conjunction with Article 8.[130][132]

On 2 June 2006, the Icelandic Parliament unanimously passed a proposal accepting adoption, parenting and assisted insemination treatment for same-sex couples on the same basis as heterosexual couples. The law went into effect on 27 June 2006.

In Bulgaria, according to the Ministry of Justice the laws regarding adoption "lack a norm, concerning the sexual orientation of the individuals". Therefore, a single gay person or same-sex couples may adopt.[133][134]

On 17 May 2013, the Portuguese parliament approved a bill in first reading allowing "co-adoption" of the biological or adopted child of the same-sex spouse or partner, where that spouse or partner is the only legally recognized parent of the child (e.g. the mother with the natural father not being registered). However, in October 2013 members of parliament opposed to the bill proposed a referendum on the issue and killed a motion to have the second vote in the plenary;[135][136] the motion on the possible referendum was then considered,[137] but the Constitutional Court declared it unconstitutional.[138] On 14 March 2014, the original bill was rejected in second reading.[136] On 20 November 2015, 5 proposals from several left-wing parties were voted favourably by the new parliament as result of 4 October General Elections.[136]

In July 2014 through Life Partnership Act Croatia recognized an institution similar to step-child adoption called partner-guardian. A partner who is not a biological parent of a child can share parental responsibilities with a biological parent or parents if they agree to it, or if the court decides it is in the best interest of a child. Additionally, a biological parent or parents can temporarily give a partner who is not a biological parent full parental responsibilities. A partner who is not a biological parent can also gain permanent parental responsibilities through an institution of partner-guardian if both biological parents of a child have died, or exceptionally if a second biological parent of a child is unknown, and if the court decides it is in the best interest of a child.[139]

In January 2015, the Constitutional Court of Austria found the existing laws on adoption to be unconstitutional and ordered the laws to be changed by 31 December 2015 to allow joint adoption by same-sex couples in Austria.[140][141]

On 6 April 2015, the Children and Family Relationships Bill 2015 passed by Parliament in March 2015 which extends full adoption rights to cohabiting couples and those in civil partnerships was promulgated by the President of Ireland. The law went into effect a year later on 6 April 2016.[142][143][144][145]

On 20 November 2015 the Portuguese Parliament approved; by 141 votes against 87 with 2 abstentions; a diploma presented by all the parties (except the right-wing PàF) to allow same-sex adoption. On 26 January 2016, the conservative Portuguese President Aníbal Cavaco Silva vetoed the bill and a week later the Portuguese Parliament overridden the veto. The law went into effect on 1 March 2016.[146][147][148]

On 22 June 2016 the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation upheld a lower court's decision to approve a request for a lesbian to adopt her partner's daughter. Prosecutors had appealed against the decision by the Rome court of appeal. Decisions by the supreme court set a precedent.[149]

In December 2020, Hungary explicitly legally banned adoption for same-sex couples within its constitution.[150][151]

In April 2021, a court in Croatia ruled that same-sex partners have the right to adopt children.[152] In May 2022, the High Administrative Court affirmed the ruling and rejected the appeal of the responsible Ministry.[153]

In June 2022, the Constitutional Court of Slovenia ruled that same-sex partners have the right to jointly adopt.[154] On 4 October 2022, the National Assembly (lower chamber of Slovenian parliament) passed the relevant act implementing this judgement, but a week later, the act was vetoed by the National Council (upper chamber of the parliament). This is to be followed by another vote on the act in the National Assembly and potentially a national referendum.[155]

Estonia from 2024, will allow same-sex couples to adopt children - along with same-sex marriage being legalized.

Oceania

Australia

See also: LGBT rights in AustraliaIn Australia , same-sex adoption is legal in all states and territories since April 2018.

New Zealand

The Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act 2013, which came into force on 19 August 2013, allowed same-sex marriage and permitted married same-sex couples to jointly adopt children. Previously, an LGBT individual was able to adopt children, but same-sex couples could not adopt jointly.[156]

Currently, there are no specific barriers preventing an LGBT individual from adopting children, except that male individuals cannot adopt a female child. Same-sex marriage law became effective from 19 August 2013, and since then married same-sex couples were able to adopt children jointly. Unmarried couples of any sex and couples in a civil union can now jointly adopt children, under a New Zealand High Court ruling in December 2015. The ban breached the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.[157] The minimum age to adopt in New Zealand is 20 years for a related child, and 25 years or the child's age plus 20 years (whichever is greater) for an unrelated child.

Summary of laws by jurisdiction

European laws on adoption by same-sex couples
Country LGBT individual may petition to adopt Same-sex couple may jointly petition Same-sex partner may petition to adopt partner's child Same-sex couples are allowed to foster or stepchild foster
Andorra Yes Yes Yes Yes
Austria Yes Yes Yes Yes[lower-alpha 1]
Belgium Yes Yes Yes Yes
Belarus No No No No
Bulgaria Yes No No No
Croatia Yes Yes[lower-alpha 2][153] Yes Yes[158]
Czech Republic Yes No No[lower-alpha 3][159] Yes[160]
Cyprus Yes No No No
Denmark Yes Yes Yes Yes
Estonia Yes Yes(eff. 2024)[161] Yes Yes
Faroe Islands Yes Yes Yes Yes
Finland Yes Yes Yes Yes
France Yes Yes Yes Yes
Germany Yes Yes Yes Yes
Gibraltar Yes Yes Yes Yes
Greece Yes No No Yes
Guernsey Yes Yes Yes Yes
Hungary No(constitutional ban) No(constitutional ban)[162] No(constitutional ban) No(constitutional ban)
Iceland Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ireland Yes Yes Yes Yes
Isle of Man Yes Yes Yes Yes
Italy No[lower-alpha 4] No No[lower-alpha 5][163] No[lower-alpha 5][163]
Jersey Yes Yes Yes Yes
Latvia Yes No No No
Liechtenstein Yes Yes Yes Yes
Lithuania No[lower-alpha 5] No No No
Luxembourg Yes Yes Yes Yes
Malta Yes[164] Yes Yes Yes
Monaco No No No No
Netherlands Yes Yes Yes Yes
Norway Yes Yes Yes Yes
Poland Yes No No No
Portugal Yes Yes Yes Yes
Romania No No No No
San Marino Yes No Yes[99] No
Slovakia Yes No No No
Slovenia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Spain Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sweden Yes Yes Yes Yes
Switzerland Yes Yes Yes[165][166] Yes
United Kingdom Yes Yes Yes Yes


  1. ↑ except state of Lower Austria
  2. ↑ by a final court ruling
  3. ↑ bill pending
  4. ↑ single people may adopt only in exceptional circumstances, independently of their sexual orientation
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 but exceptions are made


American laws on adoption by same-sex couples
Country LGBT individual adoption Same-sex couple joint petition Same-sex stepparent adoption
Argentina Yes Yes Yes
Belize No No No
Bermuda Yes Yes Yes
Bolivia Yes Yes Yes
Brazil Yes Yes Yes
Canada Yes Yes Yes
Chile Yes Yes Yes
Colombia Yes Yes Yes
Costa Rica Yes Yes Yes
Cuba Yes Yes Yes
Dominican Republic No No No
Ecuador Yes No[lower-alpha 1] No[lower-alpha 1]
El Salvador No No No
Falkland Islands Yes Yes Yes
French Guiana Yes Yes Yes
Guatemala No No No
Guyana No[lower-alpha 2] No[lower-alpha 2] No[lower-alpha 2]
Honduras No[lower-alpha 1] No[lower-alpha 1] No[lower-alpha 1]
Mexico Yes Yes (some states) Yes
Nicaragua No No No
Paraguay Yes No No
Peru No No No
Puerto Rico Yes Yes Yes
Suriname No No No
United States Yes Yes Yes
Uruguay Yes Yes Yes
Venezuela No No No


  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 constitutional ban
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Gay sex illegal


See also

  • Same-sex marriage
  • Civil union
  • LGBT rights
  • Heterosexism
  • Adoption proceedings of Emma Rose
  • Mommy Mommy, a 2007 documentary about a lesbian adoptive couple
  • Preacher's Sons, a 2008 documentary about a gay adoptive couple
  • Catholic Charities USA § Controversies
  • Same-sex adult adoption

References

  1. ↑ "Marriage of Same-Sex Couples – 2006 Position Statement Canadian Psychological Association". 2006. http://www.cpa.ca/cpasite/userfiles/Documents/Marriage%20of%20Same-Sex%20Couples%20Position%20Statement%20-%20October%202006%20(1).pdf. 
  2. ↑ "Elizabeth Short, Damien W. Riggs, Amaryll Perlesz, Rhonda Brown, Graeme Kane: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families – A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society". https://www.psychology.org.au/getmedia/47196902-158d-4cbb-86e6-2f3f1c71ffd1/LGBT-families-literature-review.pdf.pdf. 
  3. ↑ "Brief of the American Psychological Association, Kentucky Psychological Association, Ohio Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, Michigan Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, National Association of Social Workers, National Association of Social Workers Tennessee Chapter, National Association of Social Workers Michigan Chapter, National Association of Social Workers Kentucky Chapter, National Association of Social Workers Ohio Chapter, American Psychoanalytic Association, American Academy of Family Physicians, and American Medical Association as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioners". https://www.supremecourt.gov/ObergefellHodges/AmicusBriefs/14-556_American_Psychological_Association.pdf. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Farr, Rachel H; Forssell, Stephen L; Patterson, Charlotte J (2010). "Parenting and Child Development in Adoptive Families: Does Parental Sexual Orientation Matter?". Applied Developmental Science 14 (3): 164–178. doi:10.1080/10888691.2010.500958. ISSN 1088-8691. http://people.virginia.edu/~cjp/articles/ffp10b.pdf. Retrieved 27 July 2010. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Key Moments in Fight for Gay Rights". https://abcnews.go.com/US/OnCall/photos/lgbt-pride-month-gay-rights-movement-timeline-11004003/image-24334217. 
  6. ↑ Charlotte Patterson, et al., "Adolescents with Same-Sex Parents: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 7 November 2007, pg. 2
  7. ↑ Pawelski, J. G.; Perrin, E. C.; Foy, J. M.; Allen, C. E.; Crawford, J. E.; Del Monte, M.; Kaufman, M.; Klein, J. D. et al. (2006). "The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children". Pediatrics 118 (1): 349–364. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/1/349.full. Retrieved November 2, 2013. 
    "AMA Policy Regarding Sexual Orientation". American Medical Association. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/member-groups-sections/glbt-advisory-committee/ama-policy-regarding-sexual-orientation.page. 
    "Position Statement on Support of Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Civil Marriage". American Psychiatric Association. http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Advocacy%20and%20Newsroom/Position%20Statements/ps2005_SameSexMarriage.pdf. 
    "Statement on Marriage and the Family". American Anthropological Association. http://www.aaanet.org/issues/policy-advocacy/Statement-on-Marriage-and-the-family.cfm?renderforprint=1. 
    "Position Statement on Adoption and Co-parenting of Children by Same-sex Couples". American Psychiatric Association. 2002. http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Advocacy%20and%20Newsroom/Position%20Statements/ps2002_Adoption.pdf. 
    "The APA reaffirms support for same-sex marriage". San Diego Gay and Lesbian News. 2010-08-11. http://www.sdgln.com/news/2010/08/11/apa-reaffirms-support-same-sex-marriage. 
    "Support for Marriage Equality". American Academy of Nursing. July 2012. http://www.aannet.org/assets/docs/marriage%20equality_7-26%2012f.pdf. 
    "Marriage of Same-Sex Couples – 2006 Position Statement Canadian Psychological Association". 2006. http://www.cpa.ca/cpasite/userfiles/Documents/Marriage%20of%20Same-Sex%20Couples%20Position%20Statement%20-%20October%202006%20(1).pdf. 
    "Elizabeth Short, Damien W. Riggs, Amaryll Perlesz, Rhonda Brown, Graeme Kane: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families – A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society". http://www.psychology.org.au/Assets/Files/LGBT-Families-Lit-Review.pdf. 
    Brief of the American Psychological Association, Kentucky Psychological Association, Ohio Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, Michigan Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, National Association of Social Workers, National Association of Social Workers Tennessee Chapter, National Association of Social Workers Michigan Chapter, National Association of Social Workers Kentucky Chapter, National Association of Social Workers Ohio Chapter, American Psychoanalytic Association, American Academy of Family Physicians, and American Medical Association as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioners
    Herek GM (September 2006). "Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: a social science perspective". The American Psychologist 61 (6): 607–21. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.607. PMID 16953748. http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/AP_06_pre.PDF. 
    Biblarz, Timothy J.; Stacey, Judith (2010). "How Does the Gender of Parents Matter?". Journal of Marriage and Family 72: 3–22. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00678.x. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/123248173/HTMLSTART?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. Retrieved 26 July 2015. 
    Brief presented to the Legislative House of Commons Committee on Bill C38 by the Canadian Psychological Association – June 2, 2005.
    Davis, Annie (October 22, 2017). "Children raised by same-sex parents do as well as their peers, study shows". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/oct/23/children-raised-by-same-sex-parents-do-as-well-as-their-peers-study-shows. 
    Bever, Lindsey (July 7, 2014). "Children of same-sex couples are happier and healthier than peers, research shows". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/07/07/children-of-same-sex-couples-are-happier-and-healthier-than-peers-research-shows. 
  8. ↑ Vecsey, George (21 June 1979). "Approval Given for Homosexual to Adopt a Boy". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/21/archives/approval-given-for-homosexual-to-adopt-a-boy-minister-providing-a.html. 
  9. ↑ Starr, Karla (Winter 1998). "Adoption by Homosexuals: A Look at Differing State Court Opinions". Ariz. L. Rev. 40: 1497. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/arz40&div=48&id=&page=. Retrieved May 8, 2021. 
  10. ↑ Paige, Ruth Ullmann (August 2005). "Proceedings of the American Psychological Association for the legislative year 2004. Minutes of the meeting of the Council of Representatives 28 & 30 July 2004". American Psychologist (Honolulu, HI) 60 (5): 436–511. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.436. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ733578. Retrieved May 8, 2021. 
  11. ↑ "Resolution on Sexual Orientation and Marriage". http://www.apa.org/about/governance/council/policy/gay-marriage.pdf. 
  12. ↑ "Position Statement: Adoption and Co-parenting of Children by Same-sex Couples". November 2002. http://www.psych.org/Departments/EDU/Library/APAOfficialDocumentsandRelated/PositionStatements/200214.aspx. 
  13. ↑ "Lesbian & Gay Parenting". American Psychological Association. 2005. p. 12. http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/parenting-full.pdf. 
  14. ↑ "H-60.940 Partner Co-Adoption, H-65.973 Health Care Disparities in Same-Sex Partner Households "AMA Policy regarding sexual orientation"". Ama-assn.org. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/member-groups-sections/glbt-advisory-committee/ama-policy-regarding-sexual-orientation.shtml. 
  15. ↑ Mark Joseph Stern (1 August 2014). "Conservatives want to keep gay couples from adopting or fostering kids.". Slate Magazine. http://www.slate.com/blogs/outward/2014/08/01/conservatives_want_to_keep_gay_couples_from_adopting_or_fostering_kids.html. 
  16. ↑ "Lesbian and gay couples' rights – adopting children". http://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/family/children/adoption_and_fostering/500590.html. 
  17. ↑ "Why Gay Parents May Be the Best Parents". LiveScience.com. 15 January 2012. http://www.livescience.com/17913-advantages-gay-parents.html. 
  18. ↑ Yingling, Julie (21 July 2004). A Lifetime of Communication. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781135639051. https://books.google.com/books?id=Jll6AgAAQBAJ&q=no%20difference%20heterosexual%20parents&pg=PA130. 
  19. ↑ "Foster kids do equally well when adopted by gay, lesbian or heterosexual parents, study suggests". ScienceDaily. University of California, Los Angeles. 19 October 2012. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121019094534.htm. 
  20. ↑ "Homoseksualni rodzice – wywiad z psychologiem" (in pl). 29 May 2013. http://www.miesiecznik.znak.com.pl/12467/calosc/homoseksualni-rodzice-wywiad-z-psychologiem. 
  21. ↑ Baiocco, Roberto (2013). "Attitudes of Italian Heterosexual Older Adults Towards Lesbian and Gay Parenting". Sexuality Research and Social Policy 10 (4): 285–292. doi:10.1007/s13178-013-0129-2. 
  22. ↑ Mazrekaj, Deni; De Witte, Kristof; Cabus, Sofie (2020). "School Outcomes of Children Raised by Same-Sex Parents: Evidence from Administrative Panel Data". American Sociological Review 85 (5): 830–856. doi:10.1177/0003122420957249. 
  23. ↑ "I've got two dads – and they adopted me". University of Cambridge. 4 March 2013. http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/ive-got-two-dads-and-they-adopted-me. 
  24. ↑ "ECDF Facts – Family Equality Council". Family Equality Council. http://www.familyequality.org/get_informed/advocacy/ecdf/ecdf-facts/. 
  25. ↑ Goldberg, Abbie E. (2007). "(How) Does It Make a Difference? Perspectives of Adults With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Parents". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 77 (4): 550–562. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.550. PMID 18194035. http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/50d5/8e15efb7106dcdfbc6a374503517cceb10ae.pdf. 
  26. ↑ "Adoptions by Same-Sex Couples Still on the Rise". Adoptive Families. 25 January 2015. https://www.adoptivefamilies.com/parenting/adoptions-by-same-sex-couples/. 
  27. ↑ Tanya M. Washington. "Throwing Black Babies Out with the Bathwater: A Child-Centered Challenge to Same-Sex Adoption Bans". 6 Hastings Race and Poverty Law Journal 6: 1. http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/hasrapo6&div=4&id=&page=. 
  28. ↑ Alicia Erickson Zink. "Adoptive Homes and the Meaning of Family: Implications for Gay and Lesbian Prospective Parents". Journal of Student Social Work 3. http://cswr.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/2005_vol3_pg52_zink.pdf. Retrieved April 8, 2021. 
  29. ↑ "Legal Issues for Gay and Lesbian Adoption". Findlaw. http://family.findlaw.com/adoption/legal-issues-for-gay-and-lesbian-adoption.html. 
  30. ↑ "Dziecko w rodzinie homoseksualistów. Adopcja to nie problem, wychowanie już tak" (in pl). http://natemat.pl/17203,dziecko-w-rodzinie-homoseksualistow-adopcja-to-nie-problem-wychowanie-juz-tak. 
  31. ↑ "Arguments For and Against Gay Adoption". https://www.debatingeurope.eu/focus/arguments-gay-adoption/#.YEPiVGhKiUk. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "Ten Arguments From Social Science Against Same-Sex Marriage". https://www.frc.org/issuebrief/ten-arguments-from-social-science-against-same-sex-marriage. 
  33. ↑ Vonholdt, Christl R.. "The Child's Right to a Mother and Father: Ten Reasons Against Adoption Rights for Homosexual Couples". https://www.dijg.de/english/ten-reasons-against-adoption-rights-for-homosexual-couples/. 
  34. ↑ "Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995" (in Catalan). https://www.bopa.ad/bopa/026071/Pagines/lq26071006.aspx. 
  35. ↑ Marie Trigona (15 July 2010). "Argentina Passes Gay Marriage Law". Towardfreedom.com. http://www.towardfreedom.com/home/americas/2030-argentina-passes-gay-marriage-law. 
  36. ↑ "Austrian court rules to allow same-sex adoptions". The Privateer. 16 January 2016. https://euroclashblog.wordpress.com/2015/01/16/austrian-court-rules-to-allow-same-sex-adoptions/. 
  37. ↑ David Morton Rayside. Queer inclusions, continental divisions: public recognition of sexual diversity in Canada and the United States. University of Toronto Press, 2008. p. 388 (p. 20). ISBN:0-8020-8629-2.
  38. ↑ "Homosexual couples can adopt children, decides to Supreme Court of Justice". Athosgls.com.br. 27 April 2010. http://www.athosgls.com.br/noticias_visualiza.php?contcod=29208. 
  39. ↑ "FAQ's". ACC. 31 May 2007. http://www.adoption.ca/faqs. 
  40. ↑ "Timeline: Same Sex Rights in Canada". CBC News. 12 January 2012. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/timeline-same-sex-rights-in-canada-1.1147516. 
  41. ↑ "Chile aprueba el matrimonio igualitario tras años de espera | Sociedad | EL PAÍS". 7 December 2021. https://elpais.com/sociedad/2021-12-07/chile-aprueba-el-matrimonio-igualitario-tras-anos-de-espera.html. 
  42. ↑ "Corte Constitucional da vía libre a adopción gay en Colombia" (in es). Eltiempo.Com. 5 November 2015. http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/justicia/fallo-de-la-corte-constitucional-sobre-la-adopcion/16421486. 
  43. ↑ "Sud donio povijesnu odluku: Istospolne partnere više se ne smije diskriminirati kod posvajanja djece [Court reaches historic decision, same-sex couples can no longer be discriminated regarding adoption"] (in hr). Jutarnji list. 2022-05-26. https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/sud-donio-povijesnu-odluku-istospolne-partnere-vise-se-ne-smije-diskriminirati-kod-posvajanja-djece-15202514. 
  44. ↑ "Gays given equal adoption rights". May 5, 2010. http://www.cphpost.dk/component/content/48896.html?task=view. 
  45. ↑ Joseph Patrick McCormick (27 May 2015). "Parliament in Greenland unanimously approves same-sex marriage". PinkNews. https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/05/27/parliament-in-greenland-unanimously-approves-same-sex-marriage/. 
  46. ↑ Sean Mandell (29 April 2016). "Faroe Islands Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage and Adoption". Towleroad. http://www.towleroad.com/2016/04/faroe-islands. 
  47. ↑ "Kooseluseadus" (in et). Riigikogu. http://www.riigikogu.ee/index.php?op=emsplain&page=pub_file&file_id=f95adcc2-9cdd-4988-a0d3-58bf85d2df4a&. 
  48. ↑ Joe Morgan (20 February 2015). "Finland president signs gay marriage law – couples will have to wait to get married until 2017". Gay Star News. http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/finland-president-signs-gay-marriage-law-couples-will-have-wait-get-married-until-2017200215. 
  49. ↑ "François Hollande signs same-sex marriage into law – FRANCE". FRANCE 24. 18 May 2013. http://www.france24.com/en/20130518-france-gay-marriage-law-adoption. 
  50. ↑ "Germany legalises same-sex marriage after Angela Merkel allows free vote". June 30, 2017. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-30/german-same-sex-marriage-vote/8668740. 
  51. ↑ David Morton Rayside. Queer inclusions, continental divisions: public recognition of sexual diversity in Canada and the United States. University of Toronto Press, 2008. p. 388 (p. 21). ISBN:0-8020-8629-2.
  52. ↑ Nick Duffy (2 April 2015). "Irish senators approve same-sex adoption bill". PinkNews. http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/04/02/irish-senators-approve-same-sex-adoption-bill/. 
  53. ↑ "Art. 25 des Partnerschaftsgesetzes in Kraft - Ab heute dürfen auch homosexuelle Paare ein Stiefkind adoptieren)." (in de). 1 June 2023. https://www.vaterland.li/liechtenstein/gesellschaft/ab-heute-duerfen-auch-homosexuelle-paare-ein-stiefkind-adoptieren-art-533802. 
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  55. ↑ Mémorial (Official Journal of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg). "Réforme du mariage" (in fr). http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2014/0125/a125.pdf. 
  56. ↑ Curtis M. Wong (14 April 2014). "Malta Legalizes Gay Partnerships, Adoption Rights". HuffPost. Reuters. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/15/malta-gay-partnerships_n_5148866.html. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "Gay Marriage Goes Dutch". Associated Press. CBS News. 1 April 2001. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/04/01/world/main283071.shtml. 
  58. ↑ "Norway passes law approving gay marriage". Associated Press. NBC News. 17 June 2008. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/25218048. 
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  63. ↑ Renwick McLean (1 July 2005). "Spain gives approval to gay unions". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/01/world/europe/spain-gives-approval-to-gay-unions.html. 
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  65. ↑ "Swiss voters back same-sex marriage and adoption by clear majority | CBC News". https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/switzerland-same-sex-marriage-referendum-1.6190173. 
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  68. ↑ Ellen Thomas (20 September 2009). "New legislation sees gay Scottish couples win right to adopt children". Herald Scotland. http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/new-legislation-sees-gay-scottish-couples-win-right-to-adopt-children-1.921121. 
  69. ↑ "Gay adoption: Northern Ireland ban lifted". BBC News. 11 December 2013. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-25332917. 
  70. ↑ "Adoption – Frequently Asked Questions". Northern Ireland Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety. http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/index/hss/child_care/adoption/adoption_faqs.htm. 
  71. ↑ Human Rights Campaign (2008). "Adoption Laws: State by State". http://www.hrc.org/issues/parenting/adoptions/8464.htm. 
  72. ↑ "How To Adopt". Mnadopt.org. 1 August 2012. http://www.mnadopt.org/howtoadopt.html. 
  73. ↑ "Greenwood and Fink (Providence, RI) – all legal services for same-sex adopting couples and more". Lesbiangayadoption.com. http://www.lesbiangayadoption.com. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Yanina Olivera (9 September 2009). "Uruguay approves Latin America's first gay adoption law". https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gu1QYorSnG_WrGpbQ-ic2fMpxObg. 
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  78. ↑ "Guernsey Foster Care: Who can adopt". Guernsey Foster Care. http://www.guernseyfostercare.com/adoption/who-can-adopt.aspx. 
  79. ↑ "New laws raise hopes for more adoptions in Isle of Man". BBC News. 15 April 2011. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-13093113. 
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  82. ↑ "Falkland Islands". GayLawNet. http://www.gaylawnet.com/laws/fk.htm. 
  83. ↑ "Ascension Island, Saint Helena, and Tristan da Cunha LGBT Laws". http://www.gaylawnet.com/laws/sh.htm. 
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  87. ↑ "Parejas gay en Chiapas podrán adoptar, acceder a la salud…" (in es). 2017-07-12. https://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2017/07/12/1175224. 
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  91. ↑ Leticia Florian Arriaga (24 May 2016). "Con el matrimonio igualitario Michoacán libra una batalla de activismo ideológico y jurídico". Cambio de Michoacán. http://www.cambiodemichoacan.com.mx/nota-n4914. 
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  93. ↑ Martinez, Andy (April 26, 2017). "Parejas del mismo sexo pueden adoptar en Querétaro". https://queretaro.quadratin.com.mx/parejas-del-sexo-pueden-adoptar-queretaro/. 
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 Ana Flores (13 September 2022). "Quintana Roo: Personas LGBT+ podrán adoptar gracias a reforma". https://www.homosensual.com/lgbt/quintana-roo-personas-lgbt-adopcion-gracias-a-reforma/. 
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  125. ↑ Taiwan (22 February 2019). "Taiwan's Cabinet passes same-sex marriage bill". https://www.taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=2,6,10,15,18&post=150370. 
  126. ↑ "Court of Cassation, Civil Chamber 1, of February 24, 2006, 04-17.090, Published in the bulletin" (in French). http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?idTexte=JURITEXT000007052082. 
  127. ↑ "04-15676" (in fr). Legifrance.gouv.fr. 20 February 2007. http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?idTexte=JURITEXT000017636127. 
  128. ↑ "06-15647" (in fr). Legifrance.gouv.fr. 20 February 2007. http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?idTexte=JURITEXT000017636211. 
  129. ↑ Angela Charlton (18 May 2013). "French President Signs Gay Marriage Into Law". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/french-president-signs-gay-marriage-into-law/2013/05/18/69a88f60-bff0-11e2-89c9-3be8095fe767_story.html. 
  130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 "E.B. v. France". European Court of Human Rights. 22 January 2008. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-84571. 
  131. ↑ Council of State (France), ruling 230533
  132. ↑ "France chided over gay adoption". BBC News. 22 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7202521.stm. 
  133. ↑ "Frequently asked question – adoptions from Bulgaria". Family National Association. http://www.adoption-bg.com/page/faqs. 
  134. ↑ "Adoption from Bulgaria Family National Association Adoption from Bulgaria". Family National Association. http://www.adoption-bg.com/. 
  135. ↑ "Conservadores barram direito de adoção a casais gays" (in Portuguese). October 25, 2013. http://exame.abril.com.br/mundo/noticias/conservadores-barram-direito-de-adocao-a-casais-gays. 
  136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 136.2 "Assambleia da República – Status of Bill 278/XII" (in pt). Portuguese Parliament. http://www.parlamento.pt/ActividadeParlamentar/Paginas/DetalheIniciativa.aspx?BID=37202. 
  137. ↑ "Assambleia da República – Status of Draft Resolution 857/XII" (in pt). http://www.parlamento.pt/ActividadeParlamentar/Paginas/DetalheIniciativa.aspx?BID=38023. 
  138. ↑ "Decision 176/2014" (in pt). http://www.tribunalconstitucional.pt/tc/acordaos/20140176.html. 
  139. ↑ "Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola" (in hr). http://www.zakon.hr/z/732/Zakon-o-%C5%BEivotnom-partnerstvu-osoba-istog-spola. 
  140. ↑ "Adoptionsverbot für homosexuelle Partner aufgehoben" (in de). Vienna Online. 14 January 2015. http://www.vienna.at/adoptionsverbot-fuer-homosexuelle-partner-aufgehoben/4202709. 
  141. ↑ "Österreich: Adoptionsverbot für Homo-Paare verfassungswidrig" (in de). Queer.de. 14 January 2015. http://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=23025. 
  142. ↑ "Seanad passes Child & Family Relationship Bill". RTÉ.ie. 31 March 2015. http://www.rte.ie/news/2015/0330/690964-child-and-family-bill/. 
  143. ↑ "Seanad Éireann – 30/Mar/2015 Prelude". Oireachtas. http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/seanad2015033000002?opendocument#G00050. 
  144. ↑ "What happens next to the Children and Family Relationships Bill?". The Irish Times. 31 March 2015. http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/what-happens-next-to-the-children-and-family-relationships-bill-1.2159959. 
  145. ↑ "The President: 2015 Legislation". http://www.president.ie/en/the-president/2015-legislation.html. 
  146. ↑ "Portugal's outgoing president vetoes gay adoption bill". Yahoo! News. AFP. 25 January 2016. https://news.yahoo.com/portugals-outgoing-president-vetoes-gay-adoption-bill-165320164.html. 
  147. ↑ Trudy Ring (25 January 2016). "Portugal's President Vetoes Adoption Rights for Gay Couples". The Advocate. http://www.advocate.com/world/2016/1/25/portugals-president-vetoes-adoption-rights-gay-couples. 
  148. ↑ "Portugal parliament overturns veto on adoption by gay couples". Reuters UK. 10 February 2016. http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-rights-portugal-adoption-idUKKCN0VJ1Z0. 
  149. ↑ "Supreme court OKs stepchild adoption (2)". ANSA. 22 June 2016. http://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2016/06/22/supreme-court-oks-stepchild-adoption-2_95fc5b74-30d1-4e49-9fa5-4f774b0c31f4.html. 
  150. ↑ "Hungary Amends Constitution to Redefine Family, Effectively Banning Gay Adoption". December 15, 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/hungary-amends-constitution-redefine-family-effectively-banning-gay-adoption-n1251251. 
  151. ↑ Tracy, Matt (December 17, 2020). "Hungary Bans LGBTQ Adoption Rights in Broad Power Grab". https://www.gaycitynews.com/hungary-bans-lgbtq-adoption-rights-in-broad-power-grab/. 
  152. ↑ Starcevic, Seb; Savage, Rachel (2021-05-06). "Croatian court backs same-sex adoption in new LGBT+ win" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-croatia-lgbt-family-idUSKBN2CN19I. 
  153. ↑ 153.0 153.1 "Sud donio povijesnu odluku: Istospolne partnere više se ne smije diskriminirati kod posvajanja djece [Court reaches historic decision, same-sex couples can no longer be discriminated regarding adoption"] (in hr). Jutarnji list. 2022-05-26. https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/sud-donio-povijesnu-odluku-istospolne-partnere-vise-se-ne-smije-diskriminirati-kod-posvajanja-djece-15202514. 
  154. ↑ Total-Slovenia-News: Slovenia Legalises Same-Sex Marriage and Adoptions, July 8, 2022
  155. ↑ "Z vetom in podpisi proti zakoniku" (in sl). Delo.si. 11 October 2022. https://www.delo.si/novice/slovenija/drzavni-svet-izglasoval-odlozilni-veto-na-spremembe-druzinskega-zakonika/. 
  156. ↑ Isaac Davidson (20 April 2013). "Marriage bill leaves a few inequalities to sort out". New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10878614. 
  157. ↑ "Same-sex defacto couples secure the right to adopt from GayNZ.com, 12/21/2015". VAW. 6 January 2016. https://vawnet.org/news/same-sex-defacto-couples-secure-right-adopt-gaynzcom-12212015. 
  158. ↑ Stilin, Forrest (February 7, 2020). "Croatia Constitutional Court: Same Sex Couples Can Be Foster Parents". https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/41347-croatia-court-gay-foster. 
  159. ↑ Daniela Lazarová (25 October 2015). "Government approves bill on adoption of biological children in same-sex couples". http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/government-approves-bill-on-adoption-of-biological-children-in-same-sex-couples. 
  160. ↑ "iDnes.cz: First Czech same-sex couple to foster parent a child". Prague Monitor. 13 June 2011. http://praguemonitor.com/2011/06/13/idnescz-first-czech-same-sex-couple-foster-parent-child. 
  161. ↑ [2]
  162. ↑ [3]
  163. ↑ 163.0 163.1 "Cassazione, sì alla stepchild adoption in casi particolari" (in it). 22 June 2016. http://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/06/22/news/cassazione_si_a_stapchild_adoption-142563271/. 
  164. ↑ Claudia Calleja (16 January 2013). "Consensus over gay adoption welcomed". Times of Malta. http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20130116/local/Consensus-over-gay-adoption-welcomed.453457. 
  165. ↑ "Droit de l'adoption Echec du référendum contre l'homoparentalité" (in fr). Le Matin. 4 October 2016. http://www.lematin.ch/suisse/Echec-du-referendum-contre-l-homoparentalite/story/11654450. 
  166. ↑ "Swiss Parliament votes in favour of stepchild adoption". NELFA. 17 June 2016. http://nelfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/PR-CHStepadoption06172016.pdf. 

Further reading

External links



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