Social:Political kidnapping

From HandWiki

Political kidnapping is kidnapping which is conducted to obtain political concessions from security forces or governments.

Rise

Political kidnapping has been happening for more than a millennia.[timeframe?] Occasionally, political kidnapping has vast impacts, such as the kidnapping of Chiang Kai-Shek creating the Second United Front and uniting China against Japan at the start of World War 2.

There were series of kidnapping of senior diplomats during the 1960s and 1970s.[1] By the end of the 1960s, political kidnappings were evidently profitable.[2]

For a long period, political kidnapping was usually a Latin American phenomenon, with some few overlooked incidents in Europe. After the 1990s, when the interest of tourists and businessmen increased in Asian and Pacific countries, the kidnappings also became a means to support the political motives of newly established dissidents groups, such as Abu Sayyaf's group, which has conducted numerous political kidnappings.[3]

Worldwide

In the Middle East

Arab history features a concept known as 'desert diplomacy'. Per the Gulf Research Center, "The objective of this traditional activity was to apply pressure on hostile tribesmen by issuing demands, the fulfillment of which would lead to the safe return of their son or daughter. Demands would be, as they are today, financial, moral or political; although hostages would rarely be killed. Nevertheless, retention of the hostage for some years was not unusual. The kidnappings taking place in Iraq today are ones far departed from the traditional practices of Arab (and indeed, other nations ) tribal warfare which were governed by a strict protocol, ensuring decent, gentle and safe treatment of the captives."[4]

Various groups in the Palestinian Resistance and in the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990) employed political kidnapping as a method.

Al-Qaeda began using political kidnappings around 2004.

In Iran

The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) has kidnapped many journalists, including Ruhollah Zam, who fled to France and was kidnapped back to Iran for his execution, according to Reporters Without Borders.[5] Iran has 'kidnapped' the bodies of dead journalists, holding them until relatives deny that the journalists were killed by security forces.[6]

Activists, especially female activists, have been kidnapped by Iran.[7] Masih Alinejad was to be the victim of a kidnapping conspiracy.[8][9][10]

In Latin America

Political kidnapping happened in Latin America before the 1970s, but it was then that the number of kidnappings accelerated.

According to the The New York Times , "So far this year [August 1970], there have been at least 18 successful or attempted kidnappings in Latin America. Among Latin Americans, the victims have included a former President of Argentina, the Foreign Minister of Guatemala and the former Foreign Minister of Colombia. Among foreigners, the victims have included ambassadors, consuls, labor, commercial and military attaches and even consultants with no governmental positions."[11] Kidnappings were used as a tactic by urban guerrilla fighters. Stated goals included release of political prisoners, for ransom, embarrassment of officials, and straining ties between countries.

Methodology

Often, though not exclusively, kidnappers attack while targets are travelling in cars. A car or truck carrying terrorist forces will force the target's car off the road, proceeding to hold them at gunpoint until they surrender. Frequently, cars used are stolen then abandoned, which hampers police investigations.

Notable incidents

Notable Incidents. Asterisks indicate attempted kidnappings. Daggers indicate deaths as a result.
Person Year Location Motive How Result Main Article
Richard the Lion-Hearted (English king) 1192 Vienna, Austria Ransom- $15 million demanded While travelling through Vienna (returning from Third Crusade), Duke Leopold recognized him through his disguise. He was handed to Henry VI, and a ransom was demanded.[12][13] Ransom paid in 1194 by merchants of England
Ion Perdicaris (Greek-American playboy)

Cromwell Varley (Perdicaris's stepson)

1904, May 18 Perdicaris's Summer home, Tangier, Morocco Demands of Sultan of Morocco by Ahmed al-Raisuni. Ahmed al-Raisuni and a group of bandits took Perdicaris and his stepson from their house. Multinational involvement, especially by the United States. Raisuni's demands were mostly met, and Perdicaris was released on June 24, 1904.

He later said of Raisuni, "I do not regret having been his prisoner for some time".[14]

Perdicaris affair
Chiang Kai-Shek 1936 China Demand to create the Second United Front

Chiang viewed the CCP as a greater threat than the invading Japan. His subordinates kidnapped him to demand a ceasefire between the KMT-CCP.

The Second United Front was created after two weeks of discussion. Chiang was kept under house arrest for many years after. Xi'an Incident
Adolf Eichmann (High-ranking Nazi officer) 1960 Kidnapped from Argentina , brought to Israel Nazi officer; brought to Israel to stand trial for crimes against humanity. The Eichmann Trial was carried out. Eichmann Trial
*†John Gordon Mein (US ambassador to Guatemala) 1968, August 28 Guatemala Attempt at exchanging for Camilo Sanchez, a local guerilla leader Attempted kidnapping. After Mein tried escaping, he was shot multiple times. First US ambassador killed on the job.[15]

FAR (Rebel Armed Forces) claimed responsibility.[16]

See: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/08/30/77094413.html

https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/08/29/90669093.html

Lieut. Col. Donald J. Crowley (US air attaché in the Dominican Republic) 1970, March 24 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Kidnapped from polo field
†Pedro Eugenio Aramburu (Argentinian president) 1970, May 29 Buenos Aires, Argentina Kidnapped from own house by two Monteneros posing as army officers. Pedro Eugenio Aramburu#Death
Daniel Pereira Manelli (Uruguayan judge) 1970, July 28
Brigadier General Dozier 1981, December 17 Kidnapping of Brigadier General Dozier
Abílio dos Santos Diniz 1989, December Brazil Kidnapping of Abílio dos Santos Diniz
*Gretchen Whitmer (Governor of Michigan) 2020 Michigan, United States Foiled by FBI arrests before planned date Gretchen Whitmer kidnapping plot
*Masih Alinejad

(Anti-Iran Activist)

2021 Brooklyn, New York Foiled before planned date. Masih Alinejad#Kidnapping plot

References

  1. Roberts, Ivor. Satow's Diplomatic Practice. Oxford University Press. p. 238. 
  2. Ross, Jeffrey Ian. Violence in Canada: Sociopolitical Perspectives. Transaction Publishers. p. 300. ISBN 9781412841085. 
  3. Bolz, Frank Jr.; Dudonis, Kenneth J.; Schulz, David P. (2011). The Counterterrorism Handbook: Tactics, Procedures, and Techniques, Fourth Edition. CRC Press. p. 130. 
  4. Alani, Mustafa (2004). Political Kidnapping; an Operational Methodology. Gulf Research Center. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/14748/2004-09_Political%20Kidnapping.pdf. 
  5. National, The (2020-12-13). "Iran executes dissident journalist Rouhollah Zam" (in en). https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/iran-executes-dissident-journalist-rouhollah-zam-1.1127054. 
  6. Johnston, Holly (2022-10-26). "Iran's IRGC accused of 'kidnapping' body of exiled journalist before burial" (in en). https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/iran/2022/10/26/irans-irgc-accused-of-kidnapping-body-of-exiled-journalist-before-burial/. 
  7. "Iran protests: The secret police carrying out daylight abductions" (in en). https://news.sky.com/story/iran-protests-the-secret-police-carrying-out-daylight-abductions-12726459. 
  8. Vitagliano, Madeline Holcombe,Brian (2021-07-14). "4 Iranian nationals charged with alleged kidnapping plot of US journalist, court documents say" (in en). https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/14/us/iranian-nationals-charged-kidnapping-journalist/index.html. 
  9. Weiser, Benjamin (2021-07-14). "Iranian Operatives Planned to Kidnap a Brooklyn Author, Prosecutors Say" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/13/nyregion/iran-masih-alinejad-kidnapping.html. 
  10. Alinejad, Masih. "Iranian officials have declared they want to kidnap me. It's happened to others before.". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/08/10/iranian-officials-have-declared-they-want-kidnap-me-its-happened-others-before/. 
  11. Times, Malcolm W. Browne Special to The New York (1970-08-14). "Political Kidnappings Spread Insecurity Through Latin America" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1970/08/14/archives/political-kidnappings-spread-insecurity-through-latin-america.html. 
  12. "Richard I - Imprisonment | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-I-king-of-England/Imprisonment. 
  13. Gillingham, John (2008-01-01). "'The Kidnapped King: Richard I in Germany, 1192-1194'". German Historical Institute London Bulletin 30, 5-34.. https://www.academia.edu/45390523. 
  14. Blackwell, Jon (1904). "1904: 'Perdicaris alive or Raisuli dead!'". 
  15. "The Story of the First Assassination of an American Ambassador" (in en-US). https://www.insidehook.com/article/action/ambassadors-assassination-half-century-ago. 
  16. "The Assassination of Ambassador John Gordon Mein, Guatemala, 1968" (in en-US). https://adst.org/2013/08/the-assassination-of-ambassador-john-gordon-mein-guatemala-1968/. 

Sources