History:Vietnamese era name

From HandWiki
Short description: First of two elements that identify years in the Vietnamese era calendar

Template:Infobox Vietnamese name Vietnamese era names were titles adopted in historical Vietnam for the purpose of year identification and numbering.

Era names originated in 140 BCE in China, during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han.[1][2] Since the middle of the 6th century CE, independent Vietnamese dynasties started to proclaim their own era names.[2][3][4]

During periods of direct Chinese rule, Chinese era names would gain official use in Vietnam, as was the case for other parts of China.

List of Vietnamese era names

The following is a list of era names adopted by independent Vietnamese monarchs.[5] Era names used in Vietnam during the four periods of direct Chinese rule are not included.

Early Lý dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Lý Bôn
李賁
(r. 544–548 CE)
Thiên Đức
天德
544–548 CE 5 years Or Đại Đức (大德).

Đinh dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Đinh Bộ Lĩnh
丁部領
(r. 968–979 CE)
Thái Bình
太平
970–980 CE 11 years Usage continued by Đinh Toàn upon his ascension to the throne.

Early Lê dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Lê Hoàn
黎桓
(r. 980–1005 CE)
Thiên Phúc
天福
980–988 CE 9 years Usage might be from 981 CE to 988 CE, for a total length of 8 years.
Hưng Thống
興統
989–993 CE 5 years
Ứng Thiên
應天
994–1007 CE 14 years Usage continued by Lê Trung Tông and Lê Ngọa Triều Đế upon their ascension to the throne.
Lê Ngọa Triều Đế
黎臥朝帝
(r. 1005–1009 CE)
Cảnh Thụy
景瑞
1008–1009 CE 2 years Usage continued by Lý Thái Tổ upon his ascension to the throne.

Lý dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Lý Thái Tổ
李太祖
(r. 1009–1028 CE)
Thuận Thiên
順天
1010–1028 CE 19 years
Lý Thái Tông
李太宗
(r. 1028–1054 CE)
Thiên Thành
天成
1028–1034 CE 7 years
Thông Thụy
通瑞
1034–1039 CE 6 years
Càn Phù Hữu Đạo
乾符有道
1039–1042 CE 4 years
Minh Đạo
明道
1042–1044 CE 3 years
Thiên Cảm Thánh Vũ
天感聖武
1044–1049 CE 6 years
Sùng Hưng Đại Bảo
崇興大寶
1049–1054 CE 6 years
Lý Thánh Tông
李聖宗
(r. 1054–1072 CE)
Long Thụy Thái Bình
龍瑞太平
1054–1058 CE 5 years
Chương Thánh Gia Khánh
彰聖嘉慶
1059–1065 CE 7 years
Long Chương Thiên Tự
龍彰天嗣
1066–1068 CE 3 years
Thiên Huống Bảo Tượng
天貺寶象
1068–1069 CE 2 years
Thần Vũ
神武
1069–1072 CE 4 years
Lý Nhân Tông
李仁宗
(r. 1072–1128 CE)
Thái Ninh
太寧
1072–1076 CE 5 years
Anh Vũ Chiêu Thắng
英武昭勝
1076–1085 CE 10 years
Quảng Hựu
廣祐
1085–1092 CE 8 years
Hội Phong
會豐
1092–1100 CE 9 years
Long Phù
龍符
1101–1109 CE 9 years Or Long Phù Nguyên Hoá (龍符元化).
Hội Tường Đại Khánh
會祥大慶
1110–1119 CE 10 years
Thiên Phù Duệ Vũ
天符睿武
1120–1126 CE 7 years
Thiên Phù Khánh Thọ
天符慶壽
1127 CE 1 year Usage continued by Lý Thần Tông upon his ascension to the throne.
Lý Thần Tông
李神宗
(r. 1127–1138 CE)
Thiên Thuận
天順
1128–1132 CE 5 years Or Đại Thuận (大順).
Thiên Chương Bảo Tự
天彰寶嗣
1133–1138 CE 6 years
Lý Anh Tông
李英宗
(r. 1138–1175 CE)
Thiệu Minh
紹明
1138–1140 CE 3 years
Đại Định
大定
1140–1162 CE 23 years
Chính Long Bảo Ứng
政隆寶應
1163–1174 CE 12 years
Thiên Cảm Chí Bảo
天感至寶
1174–1175 CE 2 years Usage continued by Lý Cao Tông upon his ascension to the throne.
Lý Cao Tông
李高宗
(r. 1175–1210 CE)
Trinh Phù
貞符
1176–1186 CE 11 years
Thiên Tư Gia Thụy
天資嘉瑞
1186–1202 CE 17 years
Thiên Gia Bảo Hựu
天嘉寶祐
1202–1205 CE 4 years Or Thiên Tư Bảo Hựu (天資寶祐).
Trị Bình Long Ứng
治平龍應
1205–1210 CE 6 years Usage continued by Lý Huệ Tông upon his ascension to the throne.
Lý Huệ Tông
李惠宗
(r. 1210–1224 CE)
Kiến Gia
建嘉
1211–1224 CE 14 years
Lý Nguyên Hoàng
李元皇
(r. 1214–1216 CE)
Càn Ninh
乾寧
1214–1216 CE 3 years
Lý Chiêu Hoàng
李昭皇
(r. 1224–1225 CE)
Thiên Chương Hữu Đạo
天彰有道
1224–1225 CE 2 years

Trần dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Trần Thái Tông
陳太宗
(r. 1225–1258 CE)
Kiến Trung
建中
1225–1232 CE 8 years
Thiên Ứng Chính Bình
天應政平
1232–1251 CE 20 years
Nguyên Phong
元豐
1251–1258 CE 8 years
Trần Thánh Tông
陳聖宗
(r. 1258–1278 CE)
Thiệu Long
紹隆
1258–1272 CE 15 years
Bảo Phù
寶符
1273–1278 CE 6 years Usage continued by Trần Nhân Tông upon his ascension to the throne.
Trần Nhân Tông
陳仁宗
(r. 1278–1293 CE)
Thiệu Bảo
紹寶
1279–1285 CE 7 years
Trùng Hưng
重興
1285–1293 CE 9 years
Trần Anh Tông
陳英宗
(r. 1293–1314 CE)
Hưng Long
興隆
1293–1314 CE 22 years
Trần Minh Tông
陳明宗
(r. 1314–1329 CE)
Đại Khánh
大慶
1314–1323 CE 10 years
Khai Thái
開泰
1324–1329 CE 6 years
Trần Hiến Tông
陳憲宗
(r. 1329–1341 CE)
Khai Hựu
開祐
1329–1341 CE 13 years
Trần Dụ Tông
陳裕宗
(r. 1341–1369 CE)
Thiệu Phong
紹豐
1341–1357 CE 17 years
Đại Trị
大治
1358–1369 CE 12 years
Dương Nhật Lễ
楊日禮
(r. 1369–1370 CE)
Đại Định
大定
1369–1370 CE 2 years
Trần Nghệ Tông
陳藝宗
(r. 1370–1372 CE)
Thiệu Khánh
紹慶
1370–1372 CE 3 years Usage continued by Trần Duệ Tông upon his ascension to the throne.
Trần Duệ Tông
陳睿宗
(r. 1372–1377 CE)
Long Khánh
隆慶
1373–1377 CE 5 years
Trần Hiện
陳晛
(r. 1377–1388 CE)
Xương Phù
昌符
1377–1388 CE 12 years
Trần Thuận Tông
陳順宗
(r. 1388–1398 CE)
Quang Thái
光泰
1388–1398 CE 11 years
Trần An
陳𭴣
(r. 1398–1400 CE)
Kiến Tân
建新
1398–1400 CE 3 years

Other regimes contemporaneous with Trần dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Nguyễn Bổ
阮補
(r. 1379 CE)
Hy Nguyên
熙元
1379 CE 1 year

Hồ dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Hồ Quý Ly
胡季犛
(r. 1400 CE)
Thánh Nguyên
聖元
1400 CE 1 year Or Nguyên Thánh (元聖). Usage continued by Hồ Hán Thương upon his ascension to the throne.
Hồ Hán Thương
胡漢蒼
(r. 1400–1407 CE)
Thiệu Thành
紹成
1401–1402 CE 2 years
Khai Đại
開大
1403–1407 CE 5 years

Later Trần dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Giản Định Đế
簡定帝
(r. 1407–1409 CE)
Hưng Khánh
興慶
1407–1409 CE 3 years
Trùng Quang Đế
重光帝
(r. 1409–1413 CE)
Trùng Quang
重光
1409–1413 CE 5 years
Trần Cảo
陳暠
(r. 1426–1428 CE)
Thiên Khánh
天慶
1426–1428 CE 3 years

Other regimes contemporaneous with Later Trần dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Phạm Ngọc
范玉
(r. 1417–1420 CE)
Vĩnh Ninh
永寧
1417–1420 CE 4 years
Lê Ngạ
黎餓
(r. 1420 CE)
Vĩnh Thiên
永天
1420 CE 1 month

Primitive Lê dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Lê Thái Tổ
黎太祖
(r. 1428–1433 CE)
Thuận Thiên
順天
1428–1433 CE 6 years Usage continued by Lê Thái Tông upon his ascension to the throne.
Lê Thái Tông
黎太宗
(r. 1433–1442 CE)
Thiệu Bình
紹平
1434–1439 CE 6 years
Đại Bảo
大寶
1440–1442 CE 3 years Or Thái Bảo (太寶). Usage continued by Lê Nhân Tông upon his ascension to the throne.
Lê Nhân Tông
黎仁宗
(r. 1442–1459 CE)
Đại Hòa
大和
1443–1453 CE 11 years Or Thái Hòa (太和).
Diên Ninh
延寧
1454–1459 CE 6 years
Lê Nghi Dân
黎宜民
(r. 1459–1460 CE)
Thiên Hưng
天興
1459–1460 CE 2 years
Lê Thánh Tông
黎聖宗
(r. 1460–1497 CE)
Quang Thuận
光順
1460–1469 CE 10 years
Hồng Đức
洪德
1470–1497 CE 28 years Usage continued by Lê Hiến Tông upon his ascension to the throne.
Lê Hiến Tông
黎憲宗
(r. 1497–1504 CE)
Cảnh Thống
景統
1498–1504 CE 7 years
Lê Túc Tông
黎肅宗
(r. 1504 CE)
Thái Trinh
太貞
1504 CE 1 year Usage continued by Lê Uy Mục Đế upon his ascension to the throne.
Lê Uy Mục Đế
黎威穆帝
(r. 1504–1509 CE)
Đoan Khánh
端慶
1505–1509 CE 5 years
Lê Tương Dực Đế
黎襄翼帝
(r. 1509–1516 CE)
Hồng Thuận
洪順
1509–1516 CE 8 years
Lê Chiêu Tông
黎昭宗
(r. 1516–1522 CE)
Quang Thiệu
光紹
1516–1522 CE 7 years
Lê Cung Hoàng
黎恭皇
(r. 1522–1527 CE)
Thống Nguyên
統元
1522–1527 CE 6 years

Other regimes contemporaneous with Primitive Lê dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Trần Cao
陳暠
(r. 1516 CE)
Thiên Ứng
天應
1516 CE 8 months Or Ứng Thiên (應天).
Trần Cung
陳㫒
(r. 1516–1521 CE)
Tuyên Hòa
宣和
1516–1521 CE 6 years
Lê Bảng
黎榜
(r. 1518–1519 CE)
Đại Đức
大德
1518–1519 CE 2 years Or Thiên Đức (天德).
Lê Do
黎槱
(r. 1519 CE)
Thiên Hiến
天憲
1519 CE 1 year

Mạc dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Mạc Thái Tổ
莫太祖
(r. 1527–1529 CE)
Minh Đức
明德
1527–1529 CE 3 years
Mạc Thái Tông
莫太宗
(r. 1529–1540 CE)
Đại Chính
大正
1530–1540 CE 11 years Usage continued by Mạc Hiến Tông upon his ascension to the throne.
Mạc Hiến Tông
莫憲宗
(r. 1540–1546 CE)
Quảng Hòa
廣和
1541–1546 CE 6 years
Mạc Tuyên Tông
莫宣宗
(r. 1546–1561 CE)
Vĩnh Định
永定
1547–1548 CE 2 years Usage might be in 1547 CE, for a total length of 1 year.
Cảnh Lịch
景曆
1548–1555 CE 8 years Usage might be from 1548 CE to 1553 CE, for a total length of 6 years; or from 1548 CE to 1554 CE, for a total length of 7 years.
Quang Bảo
光寶
1555–1564 CE 10 years Usage might be from 1554 CE to 1561 CE, for a total length of 8 years; or from 1554 CE to 1564 CE, for a total length of 11 years. Usage continued by Mạc Mậu Hợp upon his ascension to the throne.
Mạc Mậu Hợp
莫茂洽
(r. 1562–1592 CE)
Thuần Phúc
淳福
1565–1568 CE 4 years Usage might be from 1562 CE to 1566 CE, for a total length of 5 years; or from 1565 CE to 1566 CE, for a total length of 2 years.
Sùng Khang
崇康
1568–1578 CE 11 years Usage might be from 1566 CE to 1578 CE, for a total length of 13 years.
Diên Thành
延成
1578–1585 CE 8 years
Đoan Thái
端泰
1585–1588 CE 4 years Usage might be from 1586 CE to 1587 CE, for a total length of 2 years.
Hưng Trị
興治
1588–1591 CE 4 years Usage might be from 1588 CE to 1590 CE, for a total length of 3 years.
Hồng Ninh
洪寧
1591–1592 CE 2 years
Mạc Toàn
莫全
(r. 1592–1593 CE; as regent)
Vũ An
武安
1592 CE 1 year
Mạc Kính Chỉ
莫敬止
(r. 1592–1593 CE)
Bảo Định
寶定
1592 CE 1 year
Khang Hựu
康祐
1593 CE 1 year
Mạc Kính Cung
莫敬恭
(r. 1593–1625 CE)
Càn Thống
乾統
1593–1625 CE 33 years
Mạc Kính Khoan
莫敬寬
(r. 1618–1638 CE)
Long Thái
隆泰
1618–1625 CE 8 years
Mạc Kính Vũ
莫敬宇
(r. 1661–1679 CE)
Thuận Đức
順德
1638–1677 CE 40 years Usage might be from 1638 CE to 1661 CE, for a total length of 24 years.
Mạc Nguyên Thanh
莫元清
(r. 1638–1677 CE)
Vĩnh Xương
永昌
1661–1679 CE 19 years

Revival Lê dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Lê Trang Tông
黎莊宗
(r. 1533–1548 CE)
Nguyên Hòa
元和
1533–1548 CE 16 years Usage continued by Lê Trung Tông upon his ascension to the throne.
Lê Trung Tông
黎中宗
(r. 1548–1556 CE)
Thuận Bình
順平
1549–1556 CE 8 years Usage continued by Lê Anh Tông upon his ascension to the throne.
Lê Anh Tông
黎英宗
(r. 1556–1573 CE)
Thiên Hựu
天祐
1557 CE 1 year
Chính Trị
正治
1558–1571 CE 14 years
Hồng Phúc
洪福
1572 CE 1 year
Lê Thế Tông
黎世宗
(r. 1573–1599 CE)
Gia Thái
嘉泰
1573–1577 CE 5 years
Quang Hưng
光興
1578–1599 CE 22 years Usage continued by Lê Kính Tông upon his ascension to the throne.
Lê Kính Tông
黎敬宗
(r. 1599–1619 CE)
Thận Đức
慎德
1600 CE 1 year
Hoằng Định
弘定
1600–1619 CE 20 years
Lê Thần Tông
黎神宗
(r. 1619–1643 CE; first reign)
Vĩnh Tộ
永祚
1619–1629 CE 11 years
Đức Long
德隆
1629–1635 CE 7 years
Dương Hòa
陽和
1635–1643 CE 9 years
Lê Chân Tông
黎真宗
(r. 1643–1649 CE)
Phúc Thái
福泰
1643–1649 CE 7 years
Lê Thần Tông
黎神宗
(r. 1649–1662 CE; second reign)
Khánh Đức
慶德
1649–1653 CE 5 years
Thịnh Đức
盛德
1653–1658 CE 6 years
Vĩnh Thọ
永壽
1658–1662 CE 5 years
Vạn Khánh
萬慶
1662 CE 1 year Usage continued by Lê Huyền Tông upon his ascension to the throne.
Lê Huyền Tông
黎玄宗
(r. 1662–1671 CE)
Cảnh Trị
景治
1663–1671 CE 9 years Usage continued by Lê Gia Tông upon his ascension to the throne.
Lê Gia Tông
黎嘉宗
(r. 1671–1675 CE)
Dương Đức
陽德
1672–1674 CE 3 years
Đức Nguyên
德元
1674–1675 CE 2 years Usage continued by Lê Hy Tông upon his ascension to the throne.
Lê Hy Tông
黎熙宗
(r. 1675–1705 CE)
Vĩnh Trị
永治
1676–1680 CE 5 years
Chính Hòa
正和
1680–1705 CE 26 years
Lê Dụ Tông
黎裕宗
(r. 1705–1729 CE)
Vĩnh Thịnh
永盛
1705–1720 CE 16 years
Bảo Thái
保泰
1720–1729 CE 10 years
Lê Duy Phường
黎維祊
(r. 1729–1732 CE)
Vĩnh Khánh
永慶
1729–1732 CE 4 years
Lê Thuần Tông
黎純宗
(r. 1732–1735 CE)
Long Đức
龍德
1732–1735 CE 4 years
Lê Ý Tông
黎懿宗
(r. 1735–1740 CE)
Vĩnh Hựu
永祐
1735–1740 CE 6 years
Lê Hiển Tông
黎顯宗
(r. 1740–1786 CE)
Cảnh Hưng
景興
1740–1786 CE 47 years Usage continued by Lê Mẫn Đế upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by the Nguyễn lords.
Lê Mẫn Đế
黎愍帝
(r. 1786–1789 CE)
Chiêu Thống
昭統
1787–1789 CE 3 years

Other regimes contemporaneous with Revival Lê dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Lê Hiến
黎憲
(r. 1533–1537 CE)
Quang Chiếu
光照
1533–1536 CE 4 years
Vũ Đăng
武登
(r. 1594 CE)
La Bình
羅平
1594 CE 1 year
Nguyễn Minh Trí
阮明智
(r. 1595–1597 CE)
Đại Đức
大德
1595–1597 CE 3 years
Nguyễn Đương Minh
阮當明
(r. 1596–1597 CE)
Phúc Đức
福德
1596–1597 CE 2 years

Tây Sơn dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Thái Đức Đế
泰德帝
(r. 1778–1793 CE)
Thái Đức
泰德
1778–1793 CE 16 years
Quang Trung Đế
光中帝
(r. 1788–1792 CE)
Quang Trung
光中
1788–1792 CE 5 years Usage continued by Cảnh Thịnh Đế upon his ascension to the throne.
Cảnh Thịnh Đế
景盛帝
(r. 1792–1802 CE)
Cảnh Thịnh
景盛
1793–1801 CE 9 years
Bảo Hưng
寶興
1801–1802 CE 2 years

Nguyễn dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Gia Long Đế
嘉隆帝
(r. 1802–1820 CE)
Gia Long
嘉隆
1802–1819 CE 18 years
Minh Mạng Đế
明命帝
(r. 1820–1841 CE)
Minh Mạng
明命
1820–1841 CE 22 years
Thiệu Trị Đế
紹治帝
(r. 1841–1847 CE)
Thiệu Trị
紹治
1841–1847 CE 7 years Usage continued by Tự Đức Đế upon his ascension to the throne.
Tự Đức Đế
嗣德帝
(r. 1847–1883 CE)
Tự Đức
嗣德
1848–1883 CE 36 years Usage continued by Dục Đức Đế, Hiệp Hòa Đế, and Kiến Phúc Đế upon their ascension to the throne. The Gregorian calendar has been used in Vietnam since the region was colonized by France in 1858.
Hiệp Hòa Đế
協和帝
(r. 1883 CE)
Hiệp Hòa
協和
did not use did not use The era name Hiệp Hòa was originally planned to supersede Tự Đức, but Hiệp Hòa Đế was deposed before the era name was put into effective use.
Kiến Phúc Đế
建福帝
(r. 1883–1884 CE)
Kiến Phúc
建福
1884 CE 1 year Usage continued by Hàm Nghi Đế upon his ascension to the throne.
Hàm Nghi Đế
咸宜帝
(r. 1884–1885 CE)
Hàm Nghi
咸宜
1885 CE 1 year Usage continued by Đồng Khánh Đế upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by the Cần Vương movement.
Đồng Khánh Đế
同慶帝
(r. 1885–1889 CE)
Đồng Khánh
同慶
1885–1889 CE 5 years
Thành Thái Đế
成泰帝
(r. 1889–1907 CE)
Thành Thái
成泰
1889–1907 CE 19 years
Duy Tân Đế
維新帝
(r. 1907–1916 CE)
Duy Tân
維新
1907–1916 CE 10 years
Khải Định Đế
啓定帝
(r. 1916–1925 CE)
Khải Định
啓定
1916–1925 CE 10 years Usage continued by Bảo Đại Đế upon his ascension to the throne.
Bảo Đại Đế
保大帝
(r. 1926–1945 CE)
Bảo Đại
保大
1926–1945 CE 20 years

Other regimes contemporaneous with Nguyễn dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Phan Xích Long
潘赤龍
(r. 1912–1913 CE)
Hồng Long
紅龍
1912 CE–? Unknown
Republic of Annam
Phan Bội Châu
潘佩珠
(r. 1912–1925 CE)
Việt Nam Cộng hòa quốc
越南共和國
Used for the Republic of Annam proposed by the Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội.[6]

Modern Vietnam

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
胡志明
(r. 1945–1969 CE)
Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa
越南民主共和
1945-1967 22 years Used in the early days of the Democratic Republic.[7] Used alongside the Công Nguyên 公历 (Common Era) since 1954.
Democratic Republic of Vietnam and Socialist Republic of Vietnam
(r. 1969 CE-present)
Công Nguyên
公元
1967-present Current calendar in use in Vietnam. "Công Nguyên" means "Common Era" in Vietnamese.

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography