Finance:Ukrainian hryvnia

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Short description: Currency of Ukraine
Ukrainian hryvnia
українська гривня (Ukrainian)
1000 hryvnia 2019 front.png 1 hryvnia coin of Ukraine, 2018.jpg
1000 hryvnias banknote1 hryvnia coin
ISO 4217
CodeUAH (numeric: 980)
Subunit0.01
Unit
Pluralhryvni (nom. pl.), hryven (gen. pl.)
Symbol₴ or грн‎
Denominations
Subunit
 ​1⁄100kopiyka (копійка)
Plural
 kopiyka (копійка)kopiyky (nom. pl.), kopiyok (gen. pl.)
Banknotes
 Freq. used₴20, ₴50, ₴100, ₴200, ₴500, ₴1,000
 Rarely used₴1, ₴2, ₴5, ₴10
Coins
 Freq. used₴1, ₴2, ₴5, ₴10
 Rarely used10, 50 kopiyok
Demographics
User(s) Ukraine
Issuance
Central bankNational Bank of Ukraine
 Websitewww.bank.gov.ua/en
PrinterNational Bank of Ukraine
MintNational Bank of Ukraine
Valuation
Inflation9.52% (2021 y-o-y)[1][failed verification]
 SourceNBU, 2019, May[2][failed verification]
 MethodCPI

The hryvnia (/(hə)ˈrɪvniə/ (hə-)RIV-nee-ə; Ukrainian: гривня [ˈɦrɪu̯nʲɐ] (About this soundlisten), Template:Abbr.: грн hrn; sign: ₴; code: UAH) has been the national currency of Ukraine since 2 September 1996. The hryvnia is divided into 100 kopiyok. It is named after a measure of weight used in Kievan Rus'.[3]

Name

Etymology

The currency of Kievan Rus' in the 11th century was the grivna. The word is thought to derive from the Slavic griva; which compares with the Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian word грива (griva, meaning "mane"). It might have indicated something valuable to be worn around the neck, that was usually made of silver or gold, and may be related to the Bulgarian and Serbian term grivna (гривна, "bracelet").[citation needed]

The word was used to describe silver or gold ingots of a certain weight.[citation needed]

Plural forms

The nominative plural of hryvnia is hryvni (Ukrainian: гривні), while the genitive plural is hryven’ (Ukrainian: гривень). In Ukrainian, the nominative plural form is used for numbers ending with 2, 3, or 4, as in dvi hryvni (дві гривні, "2 hryvni"), and the genitive plural is used for numbers ending with 5 to 9 and 0, for example sto hryven’ (сто гривень, "100 hryven’"); for numbers ending with 1 the nominative singular form is used, for example dvadtsiat’ odna hryvnia (двадцять одна гривня, "21 hryvnia"). An exception for this rule is numbers ending in 11, 12, 13 and 14 for which the genitive plural is also used, for example, dvanadciat’ hryven’ (дванадцять гривень, "12 hryven’"). The singular for the subdivision is копійка (kopiyka), the nominative plural is копійки (kopiyky) and the genitive is копійок (kopiyok).[citation needed]

Currency sign

Hryvnia currency sign

The hryvnia sign is a cursive Ukrainian letter He (г), with a double horizontal stroke (₴), symbolizing stability, similar to that used in other currency symbols such as the yen and Chinese yuan (¥, a symbol the currencies share), euro (€), and Indian rupee (₹). The sign was encoded as U+20B4 in Unicode 4.1 and released in 2005.[4] It is now supported by most systems. In Ukraine, if the hryvnia sign is unavailable, the Cyrillic abbreviation "грн" is used (which can be transliterated as "hrn").[citation needed]

History

11th-12th century Kyiv hryvnia, as reproduced by the National Bank of Ukraine
The 100 karbovanets note of the Ukrainian People's Republic, issued in three languages: Ukrainian, Polish and Yiddish (1917)

A currency called the hryvnia was used in Kievan Rus'.[citation needed]

Following its declared secession from Russia, the Ukrainian National Republic initially named its currency the hryvnia after the grivna of Kievan Rus'; these were designed by Heorhiy Narbut. The karbovanets was issued from 1919 to 1920 before being supplanted by the Soviet ruble, following Ukraine's absorption into the Soviet Union. The karbovanets was reintroduced during the Axis occupation of Ukraine during World War II.[citation needed]

The third version of the karbovanets when the Soviet ruble collapsed during September 1996, at a rate of 1 hryvnia to 100,000 karbovantsiv.[5] The karbovanets was subject to hyperinflation in the early 1990s following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[citation needed]

The introduction of the hryvnia was done in a covert fashion.[6] It was introduced according to the Presidential Decree of 26 August 1996, published three days later. During the transition period, 2–16 September, both hryvnias and karbovanets could be used, but change could only be given in hryvnias. All bank accounts were converted to hryvnias automatically. During the transition period, 97% of karbovanets were taken out of circulation, with 56% being removed in the first five days of the currency reform.[6] After 16 September 1996, any remaining karbovanets in circulation could be exchanged for hryvnias in banks.[citation needed]

The hryvnia was introduced when the chairman of the National Bank of Ukraine was Viktor Yushchenko, but the new banknotes bore the signature of the previous chairman, Vadym Hetman. The first notes had been printed in 1992 by the Canadian Bank Note Company, but it was decided to delay their circulation until the hyperinflation in Ukraine had been brought under control.[citation needed]

On 18 March 2014, following the Russian annexation of Crimea, the interim administration of the Republic of Crimea announced that the hryvnia was to be dropped as the region's currency the following month.[7] It was replaced by the Russian ruble on 21 March 2014;[8] the hryvnia was allowed to be used for cash payments until 1 June.[8] Because of a lack of low-denomination Russian rubles in those raions of the Donbas under the control of the pro-Russian separatist states of Donetsk and Luhansk, the hryvnia remained the predominant currency until 2022.[9]

Coinage

Coins were first struck for the new currency in 1992, but were not introduced until September 1996. Initially, coins valued between 1 and 50 kopiyky were issued. In March 1997, ₴1 coins were added. Since 2004, commemorative ₴1 coins have been struck.

In October 2012, the National Bank of Ukraine announced that it was examining the possibility of withdrawing the 1 and 2 kopiyky coins from circulation,[10] as they had become too expensive to produce. After 2013, 1 and 2 kopiyky coins were not produced, but remained in circulation until 1 October 2019.[11] On 26 October 2012, the National Bank of Ukraine announced it was considering the introduction of a ₴2 coin.[12] Officially, as of 1 July 2016, 12.4 billion coins, with a face value of ₴1.4 billion were in circulation.[13] On 1 October 2019, 1, 2 and 5 kopiyky coins ceased to be legal tender. They can be still changed at banks.[14]

Coins of the Ukrainian Hryvnia (1992–present)[15]
Image Value Technical parameters Description Date of
Obverse Reverse Diameter Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse minting issue withdrawal Coins of the Ukrainian hryvnia 04.png Coins of the Ukrainian hryvnia 03.png 1 kopiyka 16 mm 1.5 g Stainless steel Plain Value,
Ornaments 		Ukrainian Trident 1992–2016 2 September 1996 Not issued since 1 July 2018.[16] 1, 2, and 5-kopiyka coins withdrew from general circulation on 1 October 2019.[11] Coins of the Ukrainian hryvnia 05.png Coins of the Ukrainian hryvnia 06.png 2 kopiyky 17.30 mm 0.64 g (1992~1996)
1.8 g (2001–) 		aluminium (1992–1996),
stainless steel (2001–) 		1992–2014 Coins of the Ukrainian hryvnia 11.png Coins of the Ukrainian hryvnia 01.png 5 kopiyok 24 mm 4.3 g stainless steel Reeded 1992–2015 Coins of the Ukrainian hryvnia 08.jpg Coins of the Ukrainian hryvnia 09.jpg 10 kopiyok 16.3 mm 1.7 g brass (1992–1996),
aluminium bronze (2001–) 		Reeded Value,
Ornaments 		Ukrainian Trident 1992~present 2 September 1996 Current Coins of the Ukrainian hryvnia 02.png Coins of the Ukrainian hryvnia 10.png 25 kopiyok 20.8 mm 2.9 g Reeded and plain sectors 1992–2016 Not issued since 1 July 2018.[16] 25-kopiyka coin ceased to be legal tender in Ukraine and gone out of circulation, effective 1 October 2020.[17][18] Coins of the Ukrainian hryvnia 12.png Coins of the Ukrainian hryvnia 07.png 50 kopiyok 23 mm 4.2 g 1992~present Current 1 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2013 Obverse.jpg 1 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2013 Reverse.jpg 1 hryvnia 26 mm 7.1 g (1995,1996)
6.9 g (2001–) 		brass (1995, 1996),
aluminium bronze (2001–) 		Inscription: "ОДНА ГРИВНЯ", minted year 1995~2013 12 March 1997 Current, but new design introduced in 2018 1-hrywnia-coin-Volodymyr-the-Great (cropped).PNG 1-hrywnia-coin-Volodymyr-the-Great-rev (cropped).PNG 1 hryvnia 26 mm 6.8 g (2004–2016) Aluminium bronze (2004–2016) Plain with incuse lettering ("ОДНА · ГРИВНЯ · Date of issue") Inscription: Coat of arms of Ukraine; УКРАЇНА 1 ГРИВНЯ; date of issue inside a decorative wreath Half length figure of Volodymyr the Great holding a model church and staff with legend above 2004–2016 2004
1 hryvnia coin of Ukraine, 2018 (averse).jpg 1 hryvnia coin of Ukraine, 2018 (reverse).jpg 1 hryvnia 18.9 mm 3.3 g Nickel-plated steel Reeded Coat of Arms
of Ukraine,
Value,
Ornaments 		Vladimir the Great 2018[16] Current 2 hryvnia coin of Ukraine, 2018 (averse).jpg 2 hryvnia coin of Ukraine, 2018 (reverse).jpg 2 hryvni 20.2 mm 4.0 g Yaroslav the Wise 5 hryvnia coin of Ukraine, 2018 (averse).jpg 5 hryvnia coin of Ukraine, 2018 (reverse).jpg 5 hryven 22.1 mm 5.2 g Segmented (Plain and Reeded edges) Bohdan Khmelnytsky 2019 10 hryvnia coin of Ukraine, 2018 (averse).jpg 10 hryvnia coin of Ukraine, 2018 (reverse).jpg 10 hryven 23.5 mm 6.4 g Nickel plated zinc alloy Reeded Ivan Mazepa 2020[16]

Banknotes

In 1996, the first series of hryvnia banknotes was introduced into circulation by the National Bank of Ukraine. They were dated 1992 and were in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 hryvnias. The design of the banknotes was developed by Ukrainian artists Vasyl Lopata and Borys Maksymov.[19][20] The one hryvnia banknotes were printed by the Canadian Bank Note Company in 1992. The two, five and ten hryvnia banknotes were printed two years later. The banknotes were stored in Canada until they were put into circulation.[19]

Banknotes of the first series in denominations of 50 and 100 hryvnias also existed but were not introduced because these nominals were not needed in the economic crisis of the mid-1990s.

Also in 1996, the 1, 50, and 100 hryvnia notes of the second series were introduced, with 1 hryvnia dated 1994. The banknotes were designed and printed by Britain's De La Rue.[21] Since the opening of the Mint of the National Bank of Ukraine in cooperation with De La Rue in March 1994, all banknotes have been printed in Ukraine.[21]

Later, higher denominations were added. The 200 hryvnia notes of the second series were introduced in 2001, followed by the 500 hryvnia notes of the third series in 2006, and 1000 hryvnia notes of fourth series in 2019.

The 100 hryvnia denomination is quite common due to its moderately high value. Also common is the 200 and 500 hryvnia, as most Ukrainian ATMs dispense currency in these denominations.

In 2016, the NBU paper factory started producing banknote paper using flax instead of cotton.[22]

In 2019, the National Bank of Ukraine introduced a 1,000 hryvnia banknote and was issued into circulation on 25 October 2019.[23] The introduction of the new banknote was in response to the National Bank of Ukraine's efforts of streamlining the number of coins and banknotes already in circulation. The 1, 2, 5 and 10 hryvnia banknotes will continue to be legal tender alongside its equivalent coins in general circulation, while being withdrawn from circulation from repeated use in commerce.

In 2019, the National Bank of Ukraine introduced a revised 50 hryvnia banknote into circulation on 20 December 2019 and issued a revised 200 hryvnia banknote on 25 February 2020, thereby completing the family of notes which began with the issuance of the 100 hryvnia banknote in 2015.

Current series

Denomination [1]
and dimensions 		Image Main colour Description Date of issue Withdrawal
Obverse Reverse Watermark Obverse Reverse
₴1
118 × 63 mm 		1 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2014 Obverse.jpg 1 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2014 Reverse.jpg Yellow-blue Volodymyr the Great of Kiev (c. 958–1015), Prince of Novgorod and Grand Prince of Kiev
Ruler of Kievan Rus' in (980–1015) 		Volodymyr I's Fortress Wall in Kiev 22 May 2006 1 October 2020
₴2
118 × 63 mm 		2 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2013 Obverse.jpg 2 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2013 Reverse.jpg Terracotta Yaroslav the Wise (c. 978 – 1054), Prince of Novgorod and Grand Prince of Kiev
Ruler of Kievan Rus' in (1019–1054) 		Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv 24 September 2004
₴5
118 × 63 mm 		5 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2004 Obverse.jpg 5 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2004 Reverse.jpg Blue Bohdan Khmelnytsky (c. 1595–1657), Hetman of Ukraine A church in the village of Subotiv 14 June 2004
₴10
124 × 66 mm 		10 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2015 Obverse.jpg 10 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2015 Reverse.jpg Crimson Ivan Mazepa (1639–1709), Hetman of Ukraine The Holy Dormition Cathedral of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra 1 November 2004
₴20
130 × 69 mm 		20 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2018 Obverse.jpg 20 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2018 Reverse.jpg Green Ivan Franko (1856–1916), writer and politician Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet 25 September 2018 Current
₴50
136 × 72 mm 		50-uah-2019-1.png 50-uah-2019-2.png Violet Mykhailo Hrushevskyi (1866–1934), historian and politician. The Tsentralna Rada building ("House of the Teacher" in Kyiv) 20 December 2019
₴100
142 × 75 mm 		100 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2014 Obverse.jpg 100 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2014 Reverse.jpg Olive Taras Shevchenko (1814–1861), poet and artist Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 9 March 2015
₴200
148 × 75 mm 		200-uah-2020-1.png 200-uah-2020-2.png Pink Lesya Ukrainka (1871–1913), poet and writer Entrance Tower of Lutsk Castle 25 February 2020
₴500
154 × 75 mm 		500 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2015 Obverse.jpg 500 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2015 Reverse.jpg Brown Hryhorii Skovoroda (1722–1794), philosopher and poet National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy 11 April 2016
₴1,000
160 × 75 mm 		1000 hryvnia 2019 front.png 1000 hryvnia 2019 back.png Blue Volodymyr Vernadskyi (1863–1945), historian, philosopher, naturalist and scientist National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 25 October 2019

Exchange rates

Official NBU exchange rate at moment of introduction was UAH 1.76 per 1 United States dollar .[24]

Following the Asian financial crisis in 1998, the currency was devalued to UAH 5.6 = USD 1.00 in February 2000. Later, the exchange rate remained relatively stable at around 5.4 hryvnias for 1 US dollar and was fixed to 5.05 hryvnias for 1 US dollar from 21 April 2005 until 21 May 2008. In mid-October 2008 rapid devaluation began, in the course of a global financial crisis that hit Ukraine hard, with the hryvnia dropping 38.4% from UAH 4.85 for 1 US dollar on 23 September 2008 to UAH 7.88 for 1 US dollar on 19 December 2008.[25] After a period of instability, a new peg of 8 hryvnias per US dollar was established, remaining for several years. In 2012, the peg was changed to a managed float (much like that of the Chinese yuan) as the euro and other European countries' currencies weakened against the dollar due to the European debt crisis, and the value in mid-2012 was about ₴8.14 per dollar.[citation needed]

As from 7 February 2014, following political instability in Ukraine, the National Bank of Ukraine changed the hryvnia into a fluctuating/floating currency in an attempt to meet IMF requirements and to try to enforce a stable price for the currency in the Forex market.[26] In 2014 and 2015 the hryvnia lost about 70% of its value against the U.S. dollar, with the currency reaching a record low of ₴33 per dollar in February 2015.[27]

On 31 July 2019, the hryvnia to U.S. dollar exchange rate in the interbank foreign exchange market strengthened to ₴24.98 — the highest level in 3 years.[28]

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the official exchange rate of hryvnia was fixed at ₴29.25 per US dollar and ₴33.17 per euro. On 21 July 2022, it was devalued to ₴36.5686 per US dollar,[29] to bring it into alignment with the black market.[30]

The international mid-market exchange rate fluctuates, but values the hryvnia slightly lower than the official rate.[31]

Hryvnia exchange rate to United States dollar (from 1996) and Euro (from 1999)
Year United States dollar EUR RUB CHF BTC
2000 5.3345 4.9415 3.2246
2001 5.4125 4.4860 3.1871
2002 5.3304 5.0023 3.4288
2003 5.3318 6.1980 3.9614
2004 5.3072 6.9395 0.1986 4.2818
2005 5.2799 6.1312 0.1805 4.1275
2006 5.0500 6.3620 0.1843 4.0278
2007 5.0500 7.0010 0.1943 4.2116
2008 6.8777 8.9879 0.2433 4.8609
2009 7.7038 11.2046 0.2619 7.1950 0.0000
2010 7.9356 10.5329 0.2610 7.6261 3.2992
2011 7.9930 11.0921 0.2720 9.0141 105.3409
2012 7.9880 10.2706 0.2570 8.5208 38.6018
2013 7.9930 10.6122 0.2510 8.6233 1,573.15
2014 12.2967 15.7159 0.3110 12.9501 5,428.19
2015 21.5751 24.2287 0.3620 22.6973 7,956.56
2016 25.2860 28.2919 0.3830 25.9546 13,427.58
2017 27.1194 30.0042 0.4560 26.9990 115,302.94
2018 27.4550 32.1429 0.4360 27.8305 219,979.42
2019 24.4558 28.9518 0.3990 26.0025 189,893.73
2020 25.4555 30.7900 0.3740 28.7600 313,830.20
2021 27.7235 32.3100 0.3700 29.8600 1,304,733.15
2022 34.5886 35.9210 0.4476 35.5610 815,943.77
2023 36.4136 38.3263 0.4054 40.1478 1,052,340.81


See also

  • Economy of Ukraine
  • List of commemorative coins of Ukraine
  • List of currencies in Europe
  • Hryvnia

References

  1. ↑ "Ukrania Hryvnia". https://www.statista.com/statistics/296164/ukraine-inflation-rate/. 
  2. ↑ "Archived". http://www.bank.gov.ua/doccatalog/document?id=30350021. 
  3. ↑ Langer, Lawrence N. (2002). "Grivna". Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 9780810866188. https://books.google.com/books?id=DlWPEH3dF38C&pg=PA56. Retrieved 2022-03-02. 
  4. ↑ * Michael Everson's "Proposal to encode the HYRVNIA SIGN and CEDI SIGN in the UCS". 23 April 2004. http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2743.pdf. 
  5. ↑ "National Bank of Ukraine". http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/en/publish/printable_article;jsessionid=15111854B1ABFB8B3B2073ED5CB1BD7F?art_id=37482&showTitle=true. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Volodymyr Matvienko. Autograph on Hryvnia" (in uk). http://www.obriy.pib.com.ua/2002/04_02/01.htm. 
  7. ↑ "Ukrainian hryvnia to be dropped in April: Crimean gov't official". CCTV News America. 18 March 2014. http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20140318/104543.shtml. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Crimea enters the rouble zone , ITAR-TASS (1 June 2014)
  9. ↑ ""In theory, it is possible to pay with Ukrainian hryvnias, Russian rubles, US dollars, and euros in the DPR and the LPR. However, only the two former currencies are in common use. Their exchange rate has been fixed by the governments, and is 1:2 (one hryvnia is the equivalent of two rubles). However, there is a shortage of low denomination rubles, so the Ukrainian hryvnia is still the most popular means of payment."". 17 June 2015. http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2015-06-17/war-republics-donbas-one-year-after-outbreak-conflict. 
  10. ↑ "НБУ в ближайшие месяцы рассмотрит вопрос о целесообразности использования 1-2-копеечных монет". https://www.rbc.ua/rus/news/nbu-v-blizhayshie-mesyatsy-rassmotrit-vopros-o-tselesoobraznosti-04102012121300. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "NBU Streamlines Hryvnia Banknote and Coin Denominations". 25 June 2019. https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/natsionalniy-bank-uporyadkovuye-nominalniy-ryad-banknot-i-monet-grivni. 
  12. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). RBK Ukraina. 26 October 2012. http://www.rbc.ua/rus/news/economic/nbu-rassmotrit-vopros-vvedeniya-v-obrashchenie-2-grivnevoy-26102012163200. 
  13. ↑ "Cash_Circulation". October 28, 2019. https://www.bank.gov.ua/admin_uploads/article/Cash_Circulation_eng_2019-10-01.jpg. 
  14. ↑ "Монетами 1, 2 та 5 копійок не можна розраховуватися з 1 жовтня 2019 року". https://bank.gov.ua/ua/news/all/monetami-1-2-ta-5-kopiiok-ne-mojna-rozrahovuvatisya-z-1-jovtnya-2019-roku. 
  15. ↑ "Розмінні й обігові монети". https://www.bank.gov.ua/control/uk/currentmoney/chcoin/list. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 "Національний банк презентував нові обігові монети". https://bank.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=65870072&cat_id=55838. 
  17. ↑ "25-Kopiyka Coins and Old Series Hryvnia Banknotes to Cease Being Legal Ten-der from 1 October 2020". 2 Sep 2020. https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/moneti-nominalom-25-kopiiok-ta-banknoti-grivni-starih-zrazkiv-do-2003-roku-perestayut-buti-zasobom-plateju-z-01-jovtnya-2020-roku. 
  18. ↑ "NBU to Withdraw 25.Kopiyka Coins and Hryvnia Banknotes 01 Designed before 2003 from Circulation, Effective 1 October 2020". 30 Sep 2020. https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/z-01-jovtnya-2020-roku-natsionalniy-bank-viluchaye-z-obigu-moneti-25-kopiiok-ta--banknoti-grivni-starih-zrazkiv-do-2003-roku. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). Podrobnosti. 4 September 2006. http://www.podrobnosti.ua/economy/2006/09/04/344955.html. 
  20. ↑ "The man who designed Hryvnia" (in ru). Zerkalo Nedeli. http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/22377/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Hryvnia-Immigrant" (in uk). http://www.dt.ua/2000/2040/54365/. 
  22. ↑ "NBU Starts Printing Money from Flax – Незалежний АУДИТОР". http://n-auditor.com.ua/en/novini-2/item/36966-nbu-starts-printing-money-from-flax.html. 
  23. ↑ Brand new 1,000-hryvnia banknote put into circulation on Oct 25 , UNIAN (25 October 2019)
  24. ↑ "Результати пошуку". http://bank.gov.ua/control/uk/curmetal/currency/search?formType=searchFormDate&time_step=daily&date=17.09.1996&execute=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8. 
  25. ↑ National Bank of Ukraine , historical exchange rates
  26. ↑ "7 лютого 2014 року Національний банк України вводить в обіг пам'ятну монету "Визволення Нікополя від фашистських загарбників"". 7 February 2014. http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=5454079&cat_id=55838. 
  27. ↑ Ukraine teeters a few steps from chaos , BBC News (5 February 2016)
  28. ↑ US dollar in Ukraine costs less than Hr 25 for the first time in 3 years Kyiv Post, July 31, 2019
  29. ↑ Ukraine Devalues Hryvnia to Adjust to War-Time Economic Reality bloomberg.com, July 21, 2022
  30. ↑ Culverwell, Dominic (21 July 2022). "Ukraine's central bank devalues hryvnia rate to 36.5686 to the dollar". Berlin. https://www.intellinews.com/ukraine-s-central-bank-devalues-hryvnia-rate-to-36-5686-to-the-dollar-251219/. 
  31. ↑ "Best USD to UAH Exchange Rates Compared Live". https://www.monito.com/best-exchange-rates/usd/uah.  Current mid-market rate, updated frequently.

Bibliography

External links





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