Enneadecagon

From HandWiki
Short description: Polygon with 19 edges
Regular enneadecagon
Regular polygon 19 annotated.svg
A regular enneadecagon
TypeRegular polygon
Edges and vertices19
Schläfli symbol{19}
Coxeter diagramCDel node 1.pngCDel 19.pngCDel node.png
Symmetry groupDihedral (D19), order 2×19
Internal angle (degrees)≈161.052°
Dual polygonSelf
PropertiesConvex, cyclic, equilateral, isogonal, isotoxal

In geometry an enneadecagon or enneakaidecagon or 19-gon is a nineteen-sided polygon.

Regular form

A regular enneadecagon is represented by Schläfli symbol {19}.

The radius of the circumcircle of the regular enneadecagon with side length t is [math]\displaystyle{ R=\frac{t}{2} \csc \frac {180}{19} }[/math] (angle in degrees). The area, where t is the edge length, is [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{19}{4}t^2 \cot \frac{\pi}{19} \simeq 28.4652\,t^2. }[/math]

Construction

As 19 is a Pierpont prime but not a Fermat prime, the regular enneadecagon cannot be constructed using a compass and straightedge. However, it is constructible using neusis, or an angle trisector.

Regular enneadecagon, exact construction using the quadratrix according of Hippias as an additional aid
Approximated enneadecagon, inscribed in a circle

Another animation of an approximate construction.

Enneadecagon, approximate construction as an animation, with 15 s pause

Based on the unit circle r = 1 [unit of length]

  • Constructed side length of the enneadecagon in GeoGebra [math]\displaystyle{ a = 0.329189180561468...\; }[/math] [unit of length]
  • Side length of the enneadecagon [math]\displaystyle{ a_{target} = 2 \cdot \sin\left(\frac{180^\circ}{19} \right) = 0.329189180561467788...\; }[/math][unit of length]
  • Absolute error of the constructed side length [math]\displaystyle{ F_a = a - a_{target} = 2.12...E-16\; }[/math][unit of length]
  • Constructed central angle of the enneadecagon in GeoGebra [math]\displaystyle{ \mu = 18.94736842105263...^\circ }[/math]
  • Central angle of the enneadecagon [math]\displaystyle{ \mu_{target} = \frac{360^\circ}{19} = 18.947368421052631578...^\circ }[/math]
  • Absolute error of the constructed central angle [math]\displaystyle{ F_{\mu} = \mu - \mu_{target} = -1.578...E-15^\circ }[/math]

Example to illustrate the error

At a radius r = 1 billion km (a distance which would take light approximately 55 minutes to travel) the absolute error of the side length constructed would be approx. 0.21 mm.

Symmetry

Symmetries of a regular enneadecagon. Vertices are colored by their symmetry positions. Blue mirror lines are drawn through vertices and edges. Gyration orders are given in the center.

The regular enneadecagon has Dih19 symmetry, order 38. Since 19 is a prime number there is one subgroup with dihedral symmetry: Dih1, and 2 cyclic group symmetries: Z19, and Z1.

These 4 symmetries can be seen in 4 distinct symmetries on the enneadecagon. John Conway labels these by a letter and group order.[1] Full symmetry of the regular form is r38 and no symmetry is labeled a1. The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices (d for diagonal) or edges (p for perpendiculars), and i when reflection lines path through both edges and vertices. Cyclic symmetries in the middle column are labeled as g for their central gyration orders.

Each subgroup symmetry allows one or more degrees of freedom for irregular forms. Only the g19 subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can seen as directed edges.

Related polygons

A enneadecagram is a 19-sided star polygon. There are eight regular forms given by Schläfli symbols: {19/2}, {19/3}, {19/4}, {19/5}, {19/6}, {19/7}, {19/8}, and {19/9}. Since 19 is prime, all enneadecagrams are regular stars and not compound figures.

Picture Regular star polygon 19-2.svg
{19/2}
Regular star polygon 19-3.svg
{19/3}
Regular star polygon 19-4.svg
{19/4}
Regular star polygon 19-5.svg
{19/5}
Interior angle ≈142.105° ≈123.158° ≈104.211° ≈85.2632°
Picture Regular star polygon 19-6.svg
{19/6}
Regular star polygon 19-7.svg
{19/7}
Regular star polygon 19-8.svg
{19/8}
Regular star polygon 19-9.svg
{19/9}
Interior angle ≈66.3158° ≈47.3684° ≈28.4211° ≈9.47368°

Petrie polygons

The regular enneadecagon is the Petrie polygon for one higher-dimensional polytope, projected in a skew orthogonal projection:

18-simplex t0.svg
18-simplex (18D)

References

  1. John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, (2008) The Symmetries of Things, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 20, Generalized Schaefli symbols, Types of symmetry of a polygon pp. 275-278)

External links