Engineering:Over-the-top media services in India

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Short description: Online streaming platforms in India

There are currently about 47 providers of over-the-top media services (OTT) in India, which distribute streaming media or Video on demand over the Internet. In fiscal year 2018, the OTT market in India was worth ₹2,150 crore. The streaming market in India is predicted to be worth $15 billion by 2030. Theatres have long been a great source of entertainment. Also, now with the rise of digital world, OTT platforms are becoming more popular.[1]

In India , Many producers choose to release their small-budget or B grade films directly on OTT platforms.[1]

Content regulation and legal action

In India, whether it is sex scenes or kiss scenes in films, both have always been a taboo and controversial subject among the people. The Hindu nationalist government also said, obscene and perverted matterials had “no place in Indian culture.[2][3][4][5]

Regulation medium

  • All the content released in cinema halls is regulated by CBFC.
  • Indian Censor Board does not allow any kind of nudity and obscenity in Indian films.[6][7]
  • All the content released on television is regulated by IBF under the I&B ministry.
  • Indian television has the Strictest content code. In India, kissing scenes, lip-lock scenes, Bikini and small outfits are not allowed in Indian Television(TV) drama or serial.[8][9]

OTT regulation

  • On 25 Feb 2021, Indian govt introduced Self-Regulation rules for OTT platforms to stop Obscene content and abusive language.
  • On 19 March 2023, I&B minister Anurag Thakur said that, self regulation does not mean that OTT should show obscenity and nudity. The government is serious about increasing obscenity.[10][11]
  • On 26 April 2023, MIB India said that if nudity and obscenity is seen on any OTT platform, strict action will be taken against it.[12]
  • On 16 May 2023, Don't show obscene content, parliamentary panel told to Netflix and Amazon prime video.[13][14]
  • On 20 June 2023, Govt has told Netflix, Disney+ Hotstar and all other streaming services that their content should be independently reviewed for obscenity and violence before being shown online.[15]
  • On 18 July 2023, I&B minister said in a meeting with all OTT stakeholders that, Demeaning Indian culture will not be tolerated. OTT can't show vulgarity and nudity in the garb of ‘creative expression’.[16][17]
  • On 22 August 2023, Indian government assured that it will bring rules and regulation to regulate Vulgar and obscene content on social media and OTT platforms.[18][19]
  • On 10 November 2023, MIB India introduces the 'Broadcasting Service Regulation Bill', which included Programme code with Content Evaluation Committee(CEC) for every OTT platforms. Currently public consultation is ongoing till 15 January 2024.[20]
  • The draft bill mandates that all OTT streaming platforms can only broadcast those web series or content, which will be duly certified by Content Evaluation Committee(CEC).[21]

Content Controversy

Due to the absence of any rules and regulation regarding OTT content, many OTT providers were accused of showing nudity, vulgarity and obscenity and hurting Hindu religious sentiments in their shows.[22][23][24][25] Series which were the focus of controversy include Four More Shots Please!,[26] Tandav,[27] Paatal Lok,[28] Sacred Games,[29] Mirzapur[30] Lust stories franchise, and Rana naidu.[31]

Legal action on Obscenity

Judicial opinion

  • Supreme Court of India said that, OTT regulations is a necessity as some even showing nudity and pornography.[39][40]
  • In March 2023, the Delhi High Court had said framing rules and regulations to regulate the content on social media and OTT platforms needs urgent attention.[41]

Criticism

IAMAI again pledges self-regulation for OTT platforms. Content creators and producers in India, as mentioned in the report, already face many challenges, including the multiplicity of legislation and forums for filing complaints. The study paper by The Dialogue Internet and IAMAI found that these challenges lead to compliance uncertainties, self-censorship, and unwarranted economic burden.[42][43][44]

History and growth

The first dependent Indian OTT platform was BIGFlix, launched by Reliance Entertainment in 2008.[45] In 2010 Digivive launched India's first OTT mobile app called nexGTv, which provides access to both live TV and on–demand content. nexGTV is the first app to live–stream Indian Premier League matches on smart phones and did so during 2013 and 2014. The livestream of the IPL since 2015, when rights were won,[46] played an important role in the growth of another OTT platform, Hotstar (now Disney+ Hotstar) in India.[47][needs update] OTT gained significant momentum in India when both DittoTV (Zee) and Sony Liv were launched in the Indian market around 2013. Ditto TV was an aggregator platform containing shows across all media channels including Star, Sony, Viacom, Zee, etc.[citation needed]

Hotstar

Hotstar, (now Disney+ Hotstar), is the most subscribed–to OTT platform in India, owned by Star India as of July 2020, with around 300 million active users and over 350 million downloads.[48] According to Hotstar's India Watch Report 2018, 96% of watch time on Hotstar comes from videos longer than 20 minutes, while one–third of Hotstar subscribers watch television shows.[49] In 2019, Hotstar began investing ₹120 crore in generating original content such as "Hotstar Specials." 80% of the viewership on Hotstar comes from drama, movies and sports programs.[48] Hotstar has the exclusive streaming rights of IPL in India, which is one of the biggest sporting event in India.[50]

Netflix

American streaming service Netflix entered India in January 2016. In April 2017, it was registered as a limited liability partnership (LLP) and started commissioning content. It earned a net profit of ₹2020,000 (₹2.02 million) for fiscal year 2017. In fiscal year 2018, Netflix earned revenues of ₹580 million.[51] According to Morgan Stanley Research, Netflix had the highest average watch time of more than 120 minutes but viewer counts of around 20 million in July 2018.[49] As of 2018, Netflix has six million subscribers, of which 5–6% are paid members.[52]

India was not affected by Netflix's July 2018 increase in subscription rates for the US and Latin America. Netflix has stated its intent to invest ₹600 crore in the production of Indian original programming.[53] In late 2018, Netflix bought 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) of office space in Bandra–Kurla Complex (BKC) in Mumbai as their head office. As of December 2018, Netflix has more than 40 employees in India.[51]

Netflix faces tough competition with other OTT platforms in India such as Amazon Prime Video and Disney+ Hotstar, each of which charge lower subscription rates than Netflix.[52]

Other OTT providers

AAO NXT, the first independent OTT platform that originated from Odisha, is a flagship product of Kaustav DreamWorks. Apart from the website, they also have application for Android mobiles and TVs. The content library of AAO NXT is unique in terms of originality of the content irrespective of the language. Short films, movies, and web series can be viewed in their original language along with English subtitles.

nexGTv is the flagship product of Digivive Services Pvt Ltd. Its app offers users entertainment across multiple devices. It streams over 200 live TV channels and on-demand content, including movies, TV Shows and videos. In 2015, nexGTv launched India's first mobile talent discovery platform, called SPOTLight, with director Imtiaz Ali. In 2016 nexGTV, launched its first original series In My City with Priyanka Chopra making her mobile series debut.

Sun NXT is an Indian video on demand service run by Sun TV Network. It was launched in June 2017, streaming in Tamil language and six other Launguages. The platform has more than 4,000 Tamil movies and 200 Tamil shows, as well as regional movies and shows.[54] Sun NXT also streams a large library of its own Sun TV shows and movies. In India Sun NXT launched its TV shows and movies also in Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Bengali and Marathi.

Amazon Prime Video was launched in 2016. The platform has[when?] 2,300 titles available including 2,000 movies and about 400 shows. It has announced that it will invest ₹20 billion in creating original content in India. Besides English, Prime Video is available in six Indian languages as of December 2018.[55] Amazon India launched Amazon Prime Music in February 2018.[56]

Neestream is a streaming media service owned by NeST Technologies Corp., which is part of the US-based JKH Holdings. It is the first OTT platform targeting the global Malayalee diaspora.[57] In the aftermath of the COVID pandemic and the subsequent lockdown, OTT platforms had become the only avenue for film releases, redefining the movie watching experience for several viewers.[58]

Single-language OTT sites, like Aha Video in Telugu[59][60] is the first time that the platform is diversifying into another language, while CityShor.TV in Gujarati, Neestream in Malayalam, Hoichoi in Bengali and Planet Marathi in Marathi are streaming movies and shows for people in those languages.[61]

Eros Now, an OTT platform launched by Eros International, has the most content among the OTT providers in India, including over 12,000 films, 100,000 music tracks and albums, and 100 TV shows. Eros Now was named the Best OTT Platform of the Year 2019 at the British Asian Media Awards.[when?] It has 211.5 million registered users and 36.2 million paying subscribers as of September 2020.[62]

Apart from these, Balaji Telefilms–owned ALTBalaji and Viacom 18–owned Voot are popular because of the unique content they provide. Reliance Jio–owned JioCinema and JioTV, Times Group–owned MX Player, and Asianet Satellite Communications- owned Asianet Mobile TV are other OTT service providers in India.[citation needed]

Hoichoi is the first dedicated regional–language OTT service in India. It has launched 30 new shows and 12 original films in Bengali and has acquired about 200 Bengali films and dubbed content from English, Hindi and Arabic. In 2018 it entered Bangladesh as well as the United Arab Emirates, adding a prospective customer base of 180 million.[55]

In June 2017, Sun TV Network launched their Sun NXT regional OTT service in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Bengali and Kannada.[63]

In February 2020, Aha OTT platform was launched, broadcasting exclusively Telugu content.[64]

In 2021, Planet Marathi OTT became the first OTT platform dedicated to Marathi content in India, including web-series, films, music, theater, fiction and non-fiction reality shows. It is available for both Android and iOS mobile devices along with Android TV and Amazon Fire TV devices. Bollywood actress Madhuri Dixit helped launch the platform.[65][66]

With rising interest for Korean dramas, Rakuten Viki saw its biggest jump of web traffic from India in 2020 due to COVID-19 lockdown, which lead to ad localization on the platform.[67][68][69]

The OTT market in fiscal year 2020 was estimated to be worth $1.7 billion.[70][71]


SonyLIV and ZEE5

In December 2021, Sony and Zee merged, and announced plans to merge their OTT platforms.[72]

OTT services launched as Amazon Prime video channels

The list is by alphabetical order, not by rank or popularity.

Name Parent Active years Languages Notes/Ref.
Acorn TV RLJ Entertainment, Inc. 2011–present English [73]
AMC+ AMC Networks 2020–present English [73]
ShortsTV Shorts International Ltd 2006–present English [74]

List of OTT platforms in India

The list is by alphabetical order, not by rank or popularity.

Name Parent Active years Languages Notes/Ref.
AAO NXT Kaustav DreamWorks 2019–present Odia, Bengali, Hindi [75]
Addatimes Surinder Films 2016–present Bengali
Aha Arha Media & Broadcasting Pvt. Ltd. 2020–present Telugu, Tamil [76]
ALTBalaji Balaji Telefilms 2017–present Bhojpuri, Hindi, Tamil [77]
Amazon Prime Video Amazon 2016–present Marathi, English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Odia, Punjabi, Gujarati [78][79]
Apple TV+ Apple Inc 2019–present English, Hindi [80]
Arre UDigital 2015–present Hindi, English [81]
Asianet Mobile TV Asianet Satellite Communications 2015–present Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Hindi
BIGFlix Reliance Entertainment 2008–2022 Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, Marathi India's first movie on demand service[45]
Crunchyroll Sony 2006–present English, Chinese, Arabic, Hindi, Castillian, Italian, Japanese, Spanish, Portuguese, German, French and Russian [citation needed]
Discovery+ Warner Bros. Discovery 2020–present Hindi, English, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Bengali and Marathi [citation needed]
Disney+ Hotstar Star India (The Walt Disney Company India) 2015–present Hindi, English, Tamil, Marathi, Telugu, Malayalam, Bengali, Kannada, Odia India's most subscribed OTT platform[82][failed verification][83]
dittoTV Zee Entertainment Enterprises 2012–2018 English, Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi and Bengali Dissolved and Integrated into Zee5
Dangal Play Enterr10 Television Network 2022–present Hindi, Bhojpuri, Bengali Only for Entertainment content
Eros Now Eros International 2015–present Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi Titled as 'Best OTT Platform of the Year 2019' at the British Asian Media Awards[84]
ETV Win ETV Network 2019–present Telugu
Hayu NBCUniversal 2016–present English [85]
Hoichoi Shree Venkatesh Films 2017–present Bengali, Bhojpuri, Hindi Bengali Content
Hooq Sony Pictures, Warner Bros. and Singtel 2015–2020 English Dissolved in 2020[86]
Hungama Play Hungama Digital Media Entertainment 2015–present Bhojpuri, Hindi, English, Tamil, Telugu [87]
JioTV Jio Platforms 2016–present Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, English, French, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu Only available for Jio Subscribers[88]
JioCinema Jio Platforms 2016–present English, Hindi, Tamil, Marathi, Telugu, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Odia, Punjabi, Gujarati Now available to all irrespective of network[88]
Kanccha Lannka Akshay Parija 2021–present Odia [89]
Klikk Angel Television Private Limited 2020–present Bengali Bengali Content
Lionsgate Play Lionsgate 2020–present English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam [90]
MX Player Times Internet 2018–present Bhojpuri, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Punjabi, Odia, Gujarati, English [91]
ManoramaMAX Malayala Manorama TV Ltd. 2019–present Malayalam Malayalam content[92]
Mubi Mubi Inc. 2019–present English, Hindi, Tamil, Marathi, Telugu, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada [93][94][95]
Netflix Netflix Inc. 2015–present English, Hindi, Tamil, Marathi, Telugu, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada [96]
Niri9 Niri Media OPC Private Limited 2020–present Assamese, Hindi, Bengali [97]
OHO Gujarati OHO Gujarati 2021–present Gujarati Gujarati Content
Planet Marathi Planet Marathi 2021–present Marathi Marathi Content[98]
Quibi Independent 2018–2020 English Dissolved 2020
ShemarooMe Shemaroo Entertainment 2019–present Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Gujarati [99]
SonyLIV Culver Max Entertainment 2013–present Hindi, Telugu, English, Tamil, Marathi, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Punjabi [100][101]
Spuul Independent 2012–present Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, English
TVFPlay Contagious Online Media Network Private Limited 2015–present Hindi, Tamil, Telugu [102]
The Blunt Dramashop Media Private Limited 2020 –

present

Hindi and English [103]
Sun NXT Sun Group 2017–present Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Bengali and Marathi
TarangPlus Odisha Television Network 2019–present Odia [104]
Ullu App Ullu App 2018–present Hindi [105]
Viki Rakuten 2010–present English Web and mobile[106][107]
Viu HK Television Entertainment 2015–2021 Hindi, Tamil, Telugu [108] Stopped its services in India in 2021.[109]
Voot Viacom 18 2016–2023 English, Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Marathi, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Odia, Punjabi, Gujarati [110] Merge With JioCinema
Vuclip PCCW 2008–present Hindi, Tamil, Telugu [111]
YuppTV YuppTV 2007–present Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Kannada [112]
ZEE5 Zee Entertainment Enterprises 2018–present Bhojpuri, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Punjabi, Odia, Gujarati, English [113]

List of podcast platforms in India

Name Free access Selective streaming Lossless (Hi-Fi) Track download Tracks (millions) Active users (millions) Paying users (millions) First launched Login required
Amazon Music No Yes Yes[114] Yes[115] 50 (Unlimited), 2 (Prime Music)[116] 16[117] Yes
Apple Music No Yes Yes Yes 60 60[118] 60[119] June 2015 Yes
Gaana Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Hungama Yes Yes No Yes Yes
JioSaavn Yes Yes No Yes 30[120] 20[120] Yes
SoundCloud Yes Yes Partial Limited 200+[121] 175[122] No
Spotify Yes Yes No Yes 50[123] 289[124] 130 October 2008 Yes
Wynk Yes Yes No Yes Yes
YouTube Music Yes Yes No Yes 50[125] November 2015 No

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 M, Varun (2022-12-02). "OTT vs Theatre" (in en). https://medium.com/@VarunArnold/ott-vs-theatre-7691dd49fa57. 
  2. ↑ "Central Board of Film Certification" (in en), Wikipedia, 2023-09-08, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Board_of_Film_Certification&oldid=1174492728, retrieved 2023-09-20 
  3. ↑ mrandmrs55 (2015-01-04). "The History of Kissing in Bollywood: Timeline of a Taboo" (in en). https://mrandmrs55.com/2015/01/04/the-history-of-kissing-in-bollywood-timeline-of-a-taboo/. 
  4. ↑ "Sex and Bollywood through the decades" (in en). 2020-03-01. https://www.hindustantimes.com/sex-and-relationships/sex-and-bollywood-through-the-decades/story-rNo4cs1CVUFjPOt9gorDKJ.html. 
  5. ↑ "6 states in India ban sex ed to preserve culture" (in en). 2007-05-17. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna18723555. 
  6. ↑ "Fifty Shades of Grey banned in India despite removal of nudity | Fifty Shades of Grey | The Guardian". https://amp.theguardian.com/film/2015/mar/05/fifty-shades-of-grey-banned-in-india-despite-removal-of-nudity. 
  7. ↑ "CBFC reportedly bans film titled X Zone due to graphic love making scenes, nudity" (in en). 2017-09-10. https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/cbfc-reportedly-bans-film-titled-x-zone-due-to-graphic-love-making-scenes-nudity-4027513.html. 
  8. ↑ Developer, Web (25 October 2013). "Why are kissing scenes still a taboo on Indian television?". https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/why-are-kissing-scenes-still-a-taboo-on-indian-television--237552. 
  9. ↑ Jha, Sushmita (2018-06-09). "Why public display of affection is such a big NO NO in India" (in en). https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/opinion/why-public-display-affection-such-big-no-no-india-19863. 
  10. ↑ Jha, Lata (2023-03-19). "Government concerned about vulgarity on OTT platforms, says Anurag Thakur" (in en). https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/government-concerned-about-vulgarity-on-ott-platforms-says-anurag-thakur-11679238269770.html. 
  11. ↑ "https://twitter.com/ianuragthakur/status/1637437856800030720?t=RBIi80-HGhmdH7m4H0Oelw&s=19" (in en). https://twitter.com/ianuragthakur/status/1637437856800030720?t=RBIi80-HGhmdH7m4H0Oelw&s=19. 
  12. ↑ Deep, Aroon (2023-04-26). "Despite court stay, OTT platforms face pressure on content" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-targets-obscenity-on-streaming-platforms-despite-few-complaints/article66781070.ece. 
  13. ↑ "No obscene content, please: Parliamentary panel tells Netflix, Amazon Prime, Disney Hotstar, Zee5, other OTT platforms" (in hi). 2023-05-16. http://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/no-obscene-content-please-parliamentary-panel-tells-netflix-amazon-prime-disney-hotstar-zee5-other-ott-platforms-381410-2023-05-16. 
  14. ↑ "Don't show obscene content: Parliamentary panel tells OTT platforms - The Economic Times". https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/dont-show-obscene-content-parliamentary-panel-tells-ott-platforms/amp_articleshow/100259906.cms. 
  15. ↑ Kalra, Aditya; Vengattil, Munsif; Kalra, Aditya; Vengattil, Munsif (2023-07-14). "Exclusive: Worried about obscenity, India asks streamers for content checks" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/india/worried-about-obscenity-india-asks-streamers-content-checks-2023-07-14/. 
  16. ↑ "Won't allow OTT platforms to demean Indian culture, says Minister Anurag Thakur" (in en). 2023-07-18. https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/wont-allow-ott-platforms-to-demean-indian-culture-says-minister-anurag-thakur-17256211.htm. 
  17. ↑ PTI. "Will not allow OTT platforms to demean Indian culture, society in name of creative freedom: Anurag Thakur" (in en). https://www.deccanherald.com/india/will-not-allow-ott-platforms-to-demean-indian-culture-society-in-name-of-creative-freedom-anurag-thakur-1238366.html. 
  18. ↑ Thathoo, Chetan (2023-08-22). "Govt To Frame Regulations To Curb Vulgar Language On OTT Platforms & Social Media" (in en). https://inc42.com/buzz/will-frame-rules-to-tame-vulgar-language-on-ott-platforms-social-media-govt-to-delhi-hc/. 
  19. ↑ "Centre To Bring Rules To Check Vulgar Content On Social Media, Streaming Platforms". https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/centre-to-bring-rules-to-check-vulgar-content-on-social-media-streaming-platforms-4319332. 
  20. ↑ "Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Proposes Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023". https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1976200. 
  21. ↑ "Key features of the draft Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023" (in en). 2023-11-11. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/draft-broadcasting-services-regulation-bill-9022857/. 
  22. ↑ "Attack on 'Ashram' set: Organization of Sadhus blames Bollywood for 'defaming' culture, hurting sentiments". 28 October 2021. https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/entertainment/news/attack-on-ashram-set-organization-of-sadhus-blames-bollywood-for-defaming-culture-hurting-sentiments-742516. 
  23. ↑ "ALTBalaji and other OTT platforms, websites booked for obscene content". https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/mumbai/altbalaji-and-other-ott-platforms-websites-booked-for-obscene-content. 
  24. ↑ "Actor Gehana Vasisth latest to be arrested for role in porn movie racket" (in en). 2021-02-07. https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/actor-gehana-vasisth-arrested-for-allegedly-shooting-and-uploading-porn-videos-7178058/. 
  25. ↑ "Think beyond sex and abuse': Netflix, Amazon Prime, other OTT platforms stare at new challenge". 11 November 2020. https://www.businesstoday.in/amp/latest/trends/story/govt-regulation-on-netflix-amazon-prime-to-hamper-freedom-of-storytelling-278382-2020-11-11. 
  26. ↑ "The women of Four More Shots Please 3 react to criticism that the show is 'all about sex'". 20 October 2022. https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/four-more-shots-please-3-actors-react-to-criticism-that-the-show-is-all-about-sex-8218407/lite/. 
  27. ↑ "Tandav' controversy: Two scenes changed after makers apologise". https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tandav-controversy-two-scenes-changed-after-makers-apologise-141934%3famp. 
  28. ↑ "Paatal Lok Web Series Controversies". 26 May 2020. https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/paatal-lok-controversies-everything-that-has-happened-6428414/lite/. 
  29. ↑ "Secred Games series that Sparked Controversies". https://timesofindia.com/web-series/news/hindi/family-man-2-tandav-sacred-games-web-series-that-sparked-controversies/amp_etphotostory/83532145.cms. 
  30. ↑ "HC quashes FIR against 'Mirzapur' web series producers". 11 December 2021. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/court-quashes-fir-against-mirzapur-web-series-producers-7667095/lite/. 
  31. ↑ "Nani on fans' objection to Venkatesh's cuss words in Rana Naidu: 'I am so glad he did something very shocking'" (in en). 2023-03-29. https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nani-on-fans-objection-to-venkateshs-cuss-words-in-rana-naidu-8522480/. 
  32. ↑ "Mumbai: Owners of two apps arrested, police hint at Singapore link to portal streaming adult movies". 27 July 2021. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-owners-of-two-apps-arrested-police-hint-at-singapore-link-to-portal-streaming-adult-movies-7425417/lite/. 
  33. ↑ "Cyber Crime Team Cracks Down On Apps Showing Porn". https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment/indian-porn-ott-app-boom-pandemic-lockdown-hotshots-hothit-fliz-movies. 
  34. ↑ "Mumbai: Owners of two apps arrested, police hint at Singapore link to portal streaming adult movies" (in en). 2021-07-27. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-owners-of-two-apps-arrested-police-hint-at-singapore-link-to-portal-streaming-adult-movies-7425417/. 
  35. ↑ Sehgal, Diganth Raj (2021-08-04). "All you need to know about the Raj Kundra pornography case" (in en-US). https://blog.ipleaders.in/need-know-raj-kundra-pornography-case/. 
  36. ↑ "Porn racket case: Actress Gehana Vasisth claims Mumbai Police demanded Rs 15 lakh to avoid her arrest" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/porn-racket-case-actress-gehana-vashishth-mumbai-police-15-lakh-avoid-arrest-1835115-2021-07-31. 
  37. ↑ "DPCGC Takes Action Against OTT Content! More To Follow?" (in en-US). 2023-06-27. https://www.binged.com/news/dpcgc-takes-action-against-ott-content-more-to-follow/. 
  38. ↑ "Regulatory body tells OTT platform ULLU to take down 'obscene' content: The TL;DR" (in en). 2023-06-27. https://indianexpress.com/article/business/regulatory-body-ott-platform-ullu-take-down-obscene-content-8687977/. 
  39. ↑ "OTT regulations a necessity as some even show porn, says SC" (in en). 2021-03-05. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ott-regulations-a-necessity-as-some-even-show-porn-says-sc-101614892661756.html. 
  40. ↑ Ojha, Srishti (2021-03-23). ""Online Web Platforms Need To Be Regulated By Statutory Body In The Interest Of Public Morality And Decency " : NGO Submits Before Supreme Court" (in en). https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/ott-platforms-supreme-court-netflix-amazon-prime-regulated-by-statutory-body-171562. 
  41. ↑ Thapliyal, Nupur (2023-04-17). "Delhi High Court Seeks Union Govt's Response On Steps To Regulate Content On OTT Platforms, Social Media" (in en). https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/delhi-high-court-union-govt-content-ott-platforms-social-media-226465. 
  42. ↑ Jha, Lata (2023-08-27). "OTTs pledge self-regulation amid scrutiny" (in en). https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/otts-pledge-self-regulation-amid-scrutiny-11693149231460.html. 
  43. ↑ Kondalamahanty, Aditya (2019-01-23). "OTT Companies, Internet Lobbies Oppose Regulation Demand By Telcos" (in en). https://inc42.com/buzz/ott-companies-internet-lobbies-oppose-regulation-demand-by-telcos/. 
  44. ↑ "OTT platforms against new proposal for additional layer in self regulation" (in en). https://www.storyboard18.com/quantum-brief/ott-platforms-against-new-proposal-for-additional-self-regulatory-body-10550.htm. 
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  57. ↑ "Neestream bets big on Malayali diaspora" (in en). 22 April 2020. https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/neestream-bets-big-on-malayali-diaspora-200422. 
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