Engineering:Nanuk (ship)

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Short description: 1892 trading schooner, later used in films
History
United States
Name: Ottilie Fjord
Builder: H. D. Bendixsen, Eureka, California
Completed: 1892
Renamed: Nanuk
General characteristics
Type: Schooner - full-rigged ship - Schooner
Displacement: 261 Gross Tons
Length: 40.3 m (132 ft)
Beam: 9.6 m (31 ft)
Draft: 2.95 m (9.7 ft)

The Nanuk (until 1923 Ottilie Fjord) was a trading and whaling schooner, which was later used in the Hollywood film industry as a historicising full-rigged ship for movies, among other things.

Ottilie Fjord

The Ottilie Fjord was built in 1892 as a three-masted schooner with "steam-boat" rigging by H. D. Bendixsen in Eureka, California. The ship was owned by a coalition of 12 owners, mostly Humboldt County residents, and was named after the daughter Ottilie Fjord of one owner, Lorentz Fjord, a ship chandler in San Francisco. The first voyage brought the lumber cargo of another owner, Mr. Isaac Minor, to San Luis Obispo.[1]

Ottilie Fjord was used as a cargo sailor on the West Coast of the United States and in the Pacific. In October 1903, she was rescued by tugboats from distress at sea off the port of Honolulu (Hawaii) when she had run aground with a cargo of wood from San Francisco.[2] In 1904 a voyage with a cargo of coal went from San Francisco to Topolobampo (Mexico) and ended in Eureka.[2] A trip to Honolulu for the Charles Nelson Company in 1905 listed the cargo as nearly $7,000 (2023: $240,000).[3]

In 1906, the Ottilie Fjord was sold to the Pacific States Trading Company.[4] Subsequently, longer voyages were reported, e.g. 1912 to the arctic Bering Sea.[5] During this trip she lost two anchors and 55 fathoms (100 m) of anchor chain in two storms.

On the morning of April 30, 1919, the Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton recorded a strong earthquake lasting 45 minutes.[6] After returning from Tonga, 8,600 km away, Captain Olsen of the Ottilie Fjord reported on July 21 that this earthquake, combined with a tidal wave, had killed and injured many people on the islands and caused severe destruction and a supply shortage. His ship was the only one to survive this catastrophe.[7]

In April 1921, the Ottilie Fjord sailed to Pago Pago (American Samoa).[8]

Captain C. T. Pedersen, an experienced Arctic explorer, sailed from Oakland with Ottilie Fjord in 1923 to trade furs and hunt walruses and whales in the Arctic Ocean. He was accompanied by his wife Olive, a Canadian nurse whom Pedersen had married after he had brought her to California in 1920 from a Presbyterian missionary hospital at Point Barrow, the northernmost point of the United States.[9] Since then she had been the only woman in the crew of eighteen seafarers and whalers and had served as "The Doctor Lady From the Ship" for the crew and outsiders as well as a working crew member.[10] That year, Ottilie Fjord completed Pedersen's most successful voyage: a shipment of blubber and furs valued at $1 million (2023: $17.7 million).[11] Mrs. Pedersen is said to have prevented a possible failure by warning him of the danger of pack ice from the crow's nest in good time.[12]

As Nanuk in the Arctic

Returning from the summer 1924 voyage, now as Nanuk (Inuktitut for polar bear), Pedersen reported commerce with Soviet officials on Big Diomede island on the border between Alaska and Russia. After the conclusion of the negotiations, his business partners fined him $2,200 for “repeatedly trading without Soviet authorization”, after which he returned to Alaska. The cargo of walrus ivory and furs worth $100,000 (2023: $1.8 million) made up for this. Pedersen also brought two live polar bears to sell to zoos.[13]

Returning from her summer voyage of 1925, as an "auxiliary trading schooner",[14] Nanuk brought to San Francisco a record load of furs worth $250,000 (2023: $4.3 million), along with ivory, salt, cod and mackerel. Mrs. Pedersen gave a detailed account of the arduous and dangerous ice passages and the health problems of the Eskimos from malnutrition and lack of disease resistance, such as tuberculosis, measles and respiratory diseases from colds to pneumonia, brought to the Arctic by hunters, traders and missionaries.[10] On this voyage, an eighteen-year-old cabin boy hanged himself on the Nanuk shortly before arriving at Herschel Island, Canada, where he was buried.[15]

In 1926, Nanuk passed into the ownership of the Swenson Fur Trading Company (New York and Seattle), which fulfilled an exclusive five-year contract with the Soviet Union until 1930 and delivered supplies to arctic outposts at places such as the Kolyma Gulf (Northern Siberia) in exchange for furs.[16]

During a walrus hunt in 1928, the men of the Nanuk killed 297 animals in less than two weeks before the rudder and propeller were damaged in the ice and the Coast guard cutter Northland came for assistance.[17]

1929: fatal evacuation flight

In May 1929, Olaf Swenson, the owner, and his seventeen-year-old daughter Marion embarked on the Nanuk on a rescue mission for his motor ship Elisif which had been frozen in over the winter near North Cape (Siberia, today's Cape Schmidt).[18] The Elisif came free. In September, Nanuk herself was caught in ice at Cape Schmidt and was trapped with six tons of fox and bear furs[19] worth $1.5 million (2023: $26.6 million). After that, they prepared to overwinter. Alaskan Airways flew six men of the staff and some furs to Teller, Alaska; five remained on board, including the Swensons.[20] During another flight on November 9, 1929 to supply the crew and to salvage more of the valuable cargo, pilot Carl Ben Eielson and mechanic Frank Borland went missing in a storm 60 miles from Cape Schmidt[21] and were found dead after a weeks-long search operation - they had crashed. Nanuk was frozen in until July 1930 and returned to Seattle in August, undamaged (photo report).[22]

In Hollywood

Treasure Island (1934)

In May 1932, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer chartered the motor ship Nanuk as a transport ship to Teller (Alaska) for location shoots of the movie Eskimo.[23][24] The production left nothing to chance: Artificial snow, blowers and Eskimo actors were taken along.[25] Nanuk went on hunting and whale expeditions at times during filming,[26] and was ice-bound again during the year of filming. MGM also bought the Nanuk from Swenson[27] and, after returning to Los Angeles, had her converted into the pirate ship Hispaniola for the film Treasure Island'[28] The schooner thus became a full-rigged ship with cannons.[29]

Immediately afterwards, Nanuk slipped into the role of a British Admiralty frigate: In Mutiny on the Bounty[30] she appeared as HMS Pandora.[31] Together with Lily as a replica of the HMAV Bounty she went as far as Tahiti for filming.[31]

According to JaySea, the Nanuk was later sold to the Mexican government (Cia Naviera Nacional del Pacifico), which got rid of the masts and operated her as a motor ship until at least 1960.[31]

Some photos of the Nanuk can be found on JaySea's blog The First Bounty Replica.[31]

References

  1. ↑ "Another Humboldt Vessel - Launch of the Ottillie Fjord From Bendixsen's Shipyard" (in en). Humboldt Times XXXIX (39): p. 4. 1892-08-14. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=HTS18920814.2.47&srpos=5&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-Bendixsen+1892-------. "she will be taken to Areata wharf to be loaded with lumber from Isaac Minor's Glendale mill for San Luis Obispo." 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Arrives at Grays Harbor" (in en). Humboldt Times XLI (122): p. 3. 1904-05-22. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=tc&d=HTS19040522.2.33&srpos=14&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-ottilie+wave-------. "from Topolobampo, Mexico, where she went with a cargo of coal from San Francisco." 
  3. ↑ "Clears Custom House" (in en). Humboldt Times XLII (176): p. 3. 1905-07-27. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=HTS19050727.2.27&srpos=2&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-Ottilie+Fjord+owner-------. 
  4. ↑ "Ottilie Fjord Sold" (in en). Humboldt Times XLIII (64): p. 3. 1906-03-16. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=HTS19060316.2.26&srpos=1&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-Ottilie+Fjord+sold++Pacific+States+Trading+Company-------. 
  5. ↑ "Codfisher Loses Two Anchors" (in en). San Francisco Call 112 (98). 1912-09-06. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19120906.2.139.5.1&srpos=1&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-Pedersen+ottilie+fjord-------. 
  6. ↑ "Quake Works Havoc in Tonga Islands" (in en). Enterprise (Riverside, Calif.) LIV (280): p. 8. 1919-07-23. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MPE19190723.2.94&srpos=2&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-ottilie+wave-------. "An earthquake and tidal wave swept Rangal [Pangai], a town of the Tonga group, in the Pacific, just south of the equator, on April 30" 
  7. ↑ "Only Ship That Survived Tidal Wave Reaches S. F." (in en). San Francisco Call 106 (12): p. 2. 1919-07-22. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19190722.2.52&srpos=2&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-ottilie+fjord+tonga+wave-------. 
  8. ↑ "Sailed" (in en). San Francisco Call 109 (84). 1921-04-14. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19210414.2.286&srpos=2&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-Ottilie+Fjord----1921---. 
  9. ↑ "Tales Are Told of Far North" (in en). Stockton Independent 119 (102): p. 5. 1920-11-10. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDI19201110.2.69&srpos=1&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-spence+barrow+hospital----1920---. "Olive Jordan, a nurse, who had been at Point Barrow for five years as representatives of the Presbyterian mission..." 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Oakland Woman On Sea Travels Doctors Eskimos" (in en). Oakland Tribune 103 (110): p. 14. 1925-10-18. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT19251018.1.14&srpos=1&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-nanuk----1925---. 
  11. ↑ Purchasing power of $1,000,000 (1923) in 2023
  12. ↑ "Woman's Wit Saves Craft From Ice" (in en). Daily News (Los Angeles) 1 (73): p. 5. 1923-11-26. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DNLA19231126.1.5&srpos=28&e=-------en--20--21--txt-txIN-Ottilie+Fjord-------. "Blubber and furs were the cargo of the three-masted schooner Ottilie Fjord, which sailed into San Francisco harbor recently. The catch was rated at a million dollars." 
  13. ↑ "Fined by Soviet for Unlicensed Trading" (in en). Oakland Tribune 101 (99): p. 28. 1924-10-08. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT19241008.1.28&srpos=9&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-nanuk----1924---. "The power trading schooner NANUK, formerly the Ottilie Fjord, returned to the bay from Arctic waters yesterday. The vessel had numerous exciting experiences with the ice and Russian officials. Here cargo is valued at $100,000 and consists of furs and ivory." 
  14. ↑ "Nanuk Off for Far North on Trading Cruise" (in en). Oakland Tribune 102 (114): p. 40. 1925-04-24. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT19250424.1.40&srpos=5&e=------192-en--20--1--txt-txIN-Pedersen+nanuk-------. 
  15. ↑ "Arctic Schooner Brings Tales of Peril From North" (in en). Oakland Tribune 103 (56): p. 27. 1925-08-25. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT19250825.1.27&srpos=5&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-nanuk----1925---. 
  16. ↑ "Fur Schooner of Seattle Firm to Sail to Siberia" (in en). Oakland Tribune 106 (175): p. 40. 1927-06-24. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT19270624.1.40&srpos=3&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-nanuk----1927---. "The three-masted schooner Nanuk, operated by the Swenson Fur Trading Company of New York and Seattle, will be sent into the far reaches of the Siberian coast line on the Arctic ocean, 1200 miles westward of Bering straits to the Kolyma river, in continuation of a five year contract with the Soviet State Trading Company of Russia or the "Dalgostorg" Fur Company" 
  17. ↑ "Cutter Northland Returns From Adventurous Trip" (in en). Oakland Tribune 109 (98): p. 3. 1928-10-06. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT19281006.1.3&srpos=2&e=------192-en--20--1--txt-txIN-nanuk----1928---. "walrus-hunting schooner Nanuk when the craft was disabled by having its propeller and rudder broken by the crushing force of grinding Arctic Ice. […] Nanuk had been out less than two weeks and […] had already killed 297 walrus." 
  18. ↑ "Girl On Icebound Ship" (in en). Oakland Tribune 111 (142): p. 2. 1929-11-19. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT19291119.1.2&srpos=20&e=------192-en--20--1--txt-txIN-marion+swenson----1929---. 
  19. ↑ "The following story was reprinted from the June 30, 1930 edition of Farthest North Collegian.". https://www.alaska.edu/uajourney/notable-people/fairbanks/carl-ben-eielson/. 
  20. ↑ "Nanuk Survivor Here After Airplane Rescue" (in en). San Pedro News Pilot 2 (250): p. 9. 1929-12-23. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19291223.2.113&srpos=1&e=------192-en--20--1--txt-txIN-nanuk+north+cape-------. 
  21. ↑ "Famous Arctic Flyer Missing in Far North" (in en). Imperial Valley Press: p. 1. 1929-11-19. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=IVP19291119.2.5&srpos=15&e=------192-en--20--1--txt-txIN-nanuk+north+cape-------. 
  22. ↑ "Safe in Port After 13 Months in the Arctic" (in en). San Pedro News Pilot 3 (138): p. 9. 1930-08-16. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19300816.2.152&srpos=9&e=------193-en--20--1--txt-txIN-nanuk-------. 
  23. ↑ "Seattle: Seven Ships to Depart for Far North in Week" (in en). Oakland Tribune 116 (140). 1932-05-19. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT19320519.1.30&srpos=20&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-nanuk+film+eskimo-------. 
  24. ↑ Eskimo (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1933)
  25. ↑ "Movie Director Takes His Own Eskimos Up to Arctic" (in en). San Bernardino Sun 38: p. 1. 1932-05-22. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SBS19320522.1.1&srpos=16&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-nanuk+film+eskimo-------. 
  26. ↑ "Change in Setting Of Picture Forced" (in en). San Bernardino Sun 38, 10 July 1932: p. 17. 1932-07-10. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SBS19320710.1.17&srpos=15&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-nanuk+film+eskimo-------. 
  27. ↑ "Old Schooner Nanuk Becomes Picture Actor" (in en). Oakland Tribune 119 (8): p. 16. 1933-07-08. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT19330708.1.16&srpos=2&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-nanuk+schr-------. 
  28. ↑ Treasure Island (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1934)
  29. ↑ "Guns Assembled For Filming of Pirate Classic" (in en). Oakland Tribune. 1934-04-01. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT19340401.1.31&srpos=11&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-nanuk+treasure+island-------. 
  30. ↑ Mutiny on the Bounty (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1935)
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 JaySea (2023-01-29). "The First Bounty Replica" (in en). https://jayseaarchaeology.wordpress.com/2023/01/29/the-first-replica-bounty/. "the Pandora had started its life as a wooden three-masted schooner that served in the California lumber trade named the Ottilie Fjord." 



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