Engineering:High-definition map
A high-definition map (HD map) is a highly accurate map used primarily in the field of autonomous driving,[1] [2] containing details not normally present on traditional maps.[3][4] HD maps are often captured using an array of sensors, such as LiDARs, radars, digital cameras, and GPS.[3][5][6], and they can also be constructed using aerial imagery.[7][8] Such maps can be precise at a centimetre level.[3][9]
High-definition maps for self-driving cars usually include map elements such as road shape, road marking, traffic signs, and barriers.[4][10] Maintaining high accuracy is one of the biggest challenges in building HD maps of real-world roads. With regard to accuracy, there are two main focus points that determine the quality of an HD map:
- Global accuracy (positioning of a feature on the surface of the Earth)
- Local accuracy (positioning of a feature in relation to road elements around it).
In areas with good GPS reception it is possible to achieve a global accuracy of less than 3 cm deviation using satellite signals and correction data from base stations.
In GPS-denied areas, however, inaccuracy rises with distance traveled through the area, being largest in its middle. This means that the maximum GPS error can be expressed as a percentage of the distance traveled through a GPS-denied area: this value is less than 0.5%.[11]
References
- ↑ Liu, Rong; Wang, Jinling; Zhang, Bingqi (27 August 2019). "High Definition Map for Automated Driving: Overview and Analysis" (in en). Journal of Navigation 73 (2): 324–341. doi:10.1017/S0373463319000638. ISSN 0373-4633. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0373463319000638/type/journal_article.
- ↑ Elghazaly, Gamal; Frank, Raphael; Harvey, Scott; Safko, Stefan (2023). "High-Definition Maps: Comprehensive Survey, Challenges, and Future Perspectives" (in en). IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems 4: 527–550. doi:10.1109/OJITS.2023.3295502. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10184094.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Vardhan, Harsha (2017-09-22). "HD Maps: New age maps powering autonomous vehicles" (in en-US). https://www.geospatialworld.net/article/hd-maps-autonomous-vehicles/.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Matthews, Kayla (September 16, 2019). "What are HD maps, and how will they get us closer to autonomous cars?". EETimes. https://iot.eetimes.com/what-are-hd-maps-and-how-will-they-get-us-closer-to-autonomous-cars/.
- ↑ "HD maps—the hidden sensors that help autonomous vehicles see round corners". 14 March 2019. https://www.automotiveworld.com/articles/hd-maps-the-hidden-sensors-that-help-autonomous-vehicles-see-round-corners/.
- ↑ Mueck, Markus; Karls, Ingolf (9 January 2018). Networking vehicles to everything : evolving automotive solutions. Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-5015-0724-3. OCLC 1021887635. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1021887635.
- ↑ Javanmardi, Mahdi; Javanmardi, Ehsan; Gu, Yanlei; Kamijo, Shunsuke (2017-09-21). "Towards High-Definition 3D Urban Mapping: Road Feature-Based Registration of Mobile Mapping Systems and Aerial Imagery" (in en). Remote Sensing 9 (10): 975. doi:10.3390/rs9100975. ISSN 2072-4292. Bibcode: 2017RemS....9..975J.
- ↑ Zang, Andi; Xu, Runsheng; Li, Zichen; Doria, David (2017-11-07). "Lane boundary extraction from satellite imagery" (in en). Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGSPATIAL Workshop on High-Precision Maps and Intelligent Applications for Autonomous Vehicles. AutonomousGIS '17. Redondo Beach California: ACM. pp. 1–8. doi:10.1145/3149092.3149093. ISBN 978-1-4503-5497-4. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3149092.3149093.
- ↑ Jiao, J. (22 June 2018). "Machine Learning Assisted High-Definition Map Creation". 2018 IEEE 42nd Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC). 01. pp. 367–373. doi:10.1109/COMPSAC.2018.00058. ISBN 978-1-5386-2666-5. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8377682.
- ↑ Zang, Andi; Chen, Xin; Trajcevski, Goce (2018-06-05). "High definition maps in urban context" (in en). SIGSPATIAL Special 10 (1): 15–20. doi:10.1145/3231541.3231546. ISSN 1946-7729. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3231541.3231546.
- ↑ "How Accurate Are HD Maps for Autonomous Driving and ADAS Simulation?" (in en-US). 2020-10-22. https://atlatec.de/blog/how-accurate-are-hd-maps-for-autonomous-driving-and-adas-simulation/.
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