Engineering:Grumman HU-16 Albatross

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Short description: American seaplane
HU-16 Albatross
U.S. Navy Grumman HU-16.jpg
A U.S. Navy Grumman UF-1 Albatross
Role Air-sea rescue flying boat
Manufacturer Grumman
First flight October 24, 1947[1]
Introduction 1949
Retired 1995 (Hellenic Navy)
Status Retired
Primary users United States Air Force
United States Coast Guard
United States Navy
Royal Canadian Air Force RCAF
Hellenic Navy
Produced 1949–1961
Number built 466
Developed from Grumman Mallard

The Grumman HU-16 Albatross is a large, twin–radial engined amphibious seaplane that was used by the United States Air Force (USAF), the U.S. Navy (USN), the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), and the Royal Canadian Airforce RCAF primarily as a search and rescue (SAR) aircraft. Originally designated as the SA-16 for the USAF and the JR2F-1 and UF-1 for the USN and USCG, it was redesignated as the HU-16 in 1962. A new build G-111T Albatross with modern avionics and engines was proposed in 2021 with production in Australia to commence in 2025.[2]

Design and development

An improvement of the design of the Grumman Mallard, the Albatross was developed to land in open-ocean situations to accomplish rescues. Its deep-V hull cross-section and keel length enable it to land in the open sea. The Albatross was designed for optimal 4-foot (1.2 m) seas, and could land in more severe conditions, but required JATO (jet-assisted takeoff, or simply booster rockets) for takeoff in 8–10-foot (2.4–3.0 m) seas or greater.

Operational history

A USAF SA-16A during the Korean War
Grumman HU-16 Albatross at MacDill AFB Florida 1951 or early 1952

Most Albatrosses were used by the U.S. Air Force (USAF), primarily in the search and rescue (SAR) mission role, and initially designated as SA-16. The USAF used the SA-16 extensively in Korea for combat rescue, where it gained a reputation as a rugged and seaworthy craft. Later, the redesignated HU-16B (long-wing variant) Albatross was used by the USAF's Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service and saw extensive combat service during the Vietnam War. In addition, a small number of Air National Guard air commando groups were equipped with HU-16s for covert infiltration and extraction of special forces from 1956 to 1971.[3] Other examples of the HU-16 made their way into Air Force Reserve rescue and recovery units prior to its retirement from USAF service.

The U.S. Navy also employed the HU-16C/D Albatross as an SAR aircraft from coastal naval air stations, both stateside and overseas. It was also employed as an operational support aircraft worldwide and for missions from the former Naval Air Station Agana, Guam, during the Vietnam War. Goodwill flights were also common to the surrounding Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in the early 1970s. Open-water landings and water takeoff training using JATO was also conducted frequently by U.S. Navy HU-16s from locations such as NAS Agana, Guam; Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; NAS Barbers Point, Hawaii; NAS North Island, California, NAS Key West, Florida; NAS Jacksonville, Florida, and NAS Pensacola, Florida, among other locations.

The HU-16 was also operated by the U.S. Coast Guard as both a coastal and long-range open-ocean SAR aircraft for many years until it was supplanted by the HU-25 Guardian and HC-130 Hercules.

The final USAF HU-16 flight was the delivery of AF Serial No. 51-5282 to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, in July 1973 after setting an altitude record of 32,883 ft earlier in the month.[4]

The final US Navy HU-16 flight was made 13 August 1976, when an Albatross was delivered to the National Museum of Naval Aviation at NAS Pensacola, Florida.[5]

The final USCG HU-16 flight was at CGAS Cape Cod in March 1983, when the aircraft type was retired by the USCG. The Albatross continued to be used in the military service of other countries, the last being retired by the Hellenic Navy (Greece) in 1995.

The Royal Canadian Air Force operated Grumman Albatrosses with the designation "CSR-110".

Civil operations

Chalk's International Airlines Albatross arriving in Miami Harbor from Nassau, Bahamas, in 1987

In the mid-1960s the U.S. Department of the Interior acquired three military Grumman HU-16s from the U.S. Navy and established the Trust Territory Airlines in the Pacific to serve the islands of Micronesia. Pan American World Airways and finally Continental Airlines' Air Micronesia operated the Albatrosses serving Yap, Palau, Chuuk (Truk), and Pohnpei from Guam until 1970, when adequate island runways were built, allowing land operations.

Many surplus Albatrosses were sold to civilian operators, mostly to private owners. These aircraft are operated under either Experimental-Exhibition or Restricted category and cannot be used for commercial operations, except under very limited conditions.

In the early 1980s, Chalk's International Airlines owned by Merv Griffin's Resorts International had 13 Albatrosses converted to Standard category as G-111s. This made them eligible to be used in scheduled airline operations. These aircraft had extensive modification from the standard military configuration, including rebuilt wings with titanium wing spar caps, additional doors and modifications to existing doors and hatches, stainless steel engine oil tanks, dual engine fire extinguishing systems on each engine, and propeller auto feather systems installed. The G-111s were operated for only a few years and then put in storage in Arizona. Most are still parked there, but some have been returned to regular flight operations with private operators.

Cockpit of Grumman Albatross N44RD which flew around the world in 1997

Satellite technology company Row 44 bought an HU-16B Albatross (registration N44HQ)[6] in 2008 to test its in-flight satellite broadband internet service. Named Albatross One, the company selected the aircraft for its operations because it has the same curvature atop its fuselage as the Boeing 737 aircraft for which the company manufactures its equipment. The plane purchased by Row 44 was used at one time as a training aircraft for space shuttle astronauts by NASA. It features the autographs of the astronauts who trained aboard the plane on one of the cabin walls.[7][8]

In 1997, a Grumman Albatross (N44RD), piloted by Reid Dennis and Andy Macfie, became the first Albatross to circumnavigate the globe. The 26,347 nmi flight around the world lasted 73 days, included 38 stops in 21 countries, and was completed with 190 hours of flight time.[9] In 2013 Reid Dennis donated N44RD to the Hiller Aviation Museum.[10]

Since the aircraft weighs over 12,500 pounds, pilots of civilian US-registered Albatross aircraft must have a type rating. A yearly Albatross fly-in is held at Boulder City, Nevada, where Albatross pilots can become type rated.

Proposed new build

Amphibian Aerospace Industries in Darwin, Australia , acquired the type certificate and announced in December 2021 that it planned to commence manufacturing a new version of the Albatross from 2025. Dubbed the G-111T, it would have modern avionics and Pratt & Whitney PT6A-67F turboprop engines, with variants for passengers, freight, search and rescue, coastal surveillance, and aeromedical evacuation.[11][12]

Variants

An XJR2F-1 prototype at NAS Patuxent River in the 1940s
  • XJR2F-1 - Prototype designation, two built
  • HU-16A (originally SA-16A) - USAF version
  • HU-16A (originally UF-1) - Indonesian version
  • HU-16B (originally SA-16B) - USAF version (modified with long wing)
  • SHU-16B (modified HU-16B for Anti-Submarine Warfare) - export version, featured an AN/APS-88 in the nose and MAD boom in the tail[13]
  • HU-16C (originally UF-1) - US Navy version
  • LU-16C (originally UF-1L) - US Navy version
  • TU-16C (originally UF-1T) - US Navy version
  • HU-16D (originally UF-1) - US Navy version (modified with long wing)
  • HU-16D (originally UF-2) - German version (built with long wing)
  • HU-16E (originally UF-2G) - US Coast Guard version (modified with long wing)
  • HU-16E (originally SA-16A) - USAF version (modified with long wing)
  • G-111 (originally SA-16A) - civil airline version derived from USAF, JASDF, and German originals
  • CSR-110 - RCAF version[14]
  • G-111T - proposed new builds with modern avionics and turboprop engines.

Operators

 Argentina
HU-16B of the Argentine Air Force, LADE 1st flight to Port Stanley, 1972
 Brazil
 Canada
A Grumman Albatross of the RCAF
 Chile
 Republic of China
 Germany
Preserved Hellenic AF aircraft at Dekelia AB.
 Greece
 Indonesia
 Italy
 Japan
  • Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force[28]
 Malaysia
 Mexico
A Spanish HU-16
 Norway
 Pakistan
 Peru
 Philippines
 Portugal
 Spain
U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E from CGAS Cape Cod in the 1970s.
 Thailand
 United States

Aircraft on display

HU-16A
  • AF Ser. No. 51-0006 - Strategic Air and Space Museum in Ashland, Nebraska[40]
  • AF Ser. No. 51-0022 - Pima Air and Space Museum adjacent to Davis-Monthan AFB in Tucson, Arizona[41]
  • AF Ser. No. 51-7144 - Museum of Aviation, Robins AFB, Georgia[42]
  • AF Ser. No. 51-7163 - Castle Air Museum adjacent to the former Castle AFB, Atwater, California[43]
  • AF Ser. No. 51-7176 - Coast Guard Air Station Clearwater, Florida: It was previously at the Pate Museum of Transportation in Cresson, Texas, until its disassembly and relocation to CGAS Clearwater for restoration. It is currently marked as USCG 1023.[44]
  • AF Ser. No. 51-7193 - Maryland Air National Guard Museum, Warfield Air National Guard Base, Baltimore, Maryland[45]
  • AF Ser. No. 51-7195 - Yanks Air Museum, Chino, California[46]
  • MM50-179 - Italian Air Force Museum , Vigna di Valle, Italy [47]
HU-16A (Indonesian version)
UF-1 Albatross of the Indonesian Air Force at Dirgantara Mandala Museum
  • IR-0117 – On display at Dirgantara Mandala Museum, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia[48]
  • IR-0220 – On storage in Husein Sastranegara International Airport, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: It was displayed during Bandung Airshow 2017.[49][50]
  • Unknown – On display at Abdul Rachman Saleh Air Force Base, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.[51]
HU-16B
BS-02, Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina
  • BS-02 - Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina, at Moron, Buenos Aires, Argentina[52][53]
  • ex-BS-03 - Museo Aviación Naval, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Displayed as Argentine Naval Aviation 4-BS-3.[16]
  • AF Serial No. 51-5282, at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: This was USAF's last operational HU-16. On 4 July 1973, it established a world record for twin-engined amphibians when it reached 32,883 feet and was transferred to the Air Force Museum two weeks later.[54]
  • AF Ser. No. 51-7181, then BuNo 151265 - U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield, Sattahip, Chonburi Province, Thailand[55][56] Former USAF and USN aircraft in Royal Thai Navy markings, now bearing registration 151265 and displayed as a gate guardian since the early 1990s.
HU-16C
  • BuNo 137928 Hemisphere Dancer - Universal Studios, Orlando, Florida[57] Former USN aircraft in civilian markings, previously owned by musician and pilot Jimmy Buffett
  • BuNo 137932 - Hiller Aviation Museum, San Carlos, California, N44RD formerly owned by Reid W. Dennis.[58]
HU-16E
  • AF Ser. No. 51-7209 - Aerospace Museum of California, former McClellan AFB, Sacramento, California[59]
  • AF Ser. No. 51-7216 - Floyd Bennett Field, New York City, New York[60]
  • AF Ser. No. 51-7228 - New England Air Museum, Windsor Locks, Connecticut[61]
  • USCG 7236 - National Museum of Naval Aviation, NAS Pensacola, Florida[62]
  • AF Ser. No. 51-7245, then USCG 7245 - Pacific Coast Air Museum, Santa Rosa, California[63] Originally served in USAF, transferred to USCG circa 1957-58.
  • AF Ser. No. 51-7247, then USCG 7247 - Coast Guard Air Station Elizabeth City, North Carolina.[64]
  • AF Ser. No. 51-7250, the USCG 7250 - Coast Guard Air Station Cape Cod, Massachusetts [65]
  • AF Ser. No. 51-7251 - Dyess Linear Air Park, Dyess AFB, Texas [66]
  • AF Ser. No. 51-7254 - Jimmy Doolittle Air & Space Museum, Travis AFB, Fairfield, California[67]
  • AF Ser. No. 52-1280 - Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, New Mexico.[68]
  • USCG 1293 - March Field Air Museum, March ARB, Riverside, California.[69]
  • USCG 2129 - Battleship Memorial Park, Mobile, Alabama[70]

Accidents and incidents

  • On 24 January 1952, SA-16A Albatross, 51-001, c/n G-74,[71] of the 480th Air Resupply Squadron (described as a Central Intelligence Agency air unit), on cross-country flight from Mountain Home AFB, Idaho, to San Diego, California, suffered failure of the port engine over Death Valley. The crew of six successfully bailed out around 18:30 with no injuries, and walked south some 14 miles (23 km) to Furnace Creek, California, where they were picked up the following day by an SA-16 from the 42nd Air Rescue Squadron, March AFB, California. The abandoned SA-16 crashed into Towne Summit mountain ridge of the Panamint Range west of Stovepipe Wells with the starboard engine still running. The wreckage is still there.[72][73]
  • On 16 May 1952, a U.S. Navy Grumman Albatross attached to the Iceland Defense Force crashed on Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland. Due to bad weather conditions, rescuers did not make it to the crash site until two and a half days later. One crew member was found dead in the wreckage, but the other four were not found despite extensive search. Evidence on scene suggested that they had tried to deploy the emergency radio, but most likely failed due to very poor weather conditions, and then tried to walk down the glacier.[74] In 1964, partial remains of one of the crewmember along with an engraved wedding ring were found at the rim of the glacier.[75] On 20 August 1966, the remains of the three remaining crew members were found at a similar location.[76][77]
  • On 18 May 1957, U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E Albatross, Coast Guard 1278, stalled and crashed during a JATO demonstration during the Armed Forces Day display at Coast Guard Air Station Salem. The pilot and another crewman were killed. The stall was caused by pilot error.[78]
  • On 22 August 1957, U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E Albatross, Coast Guard 1259, crashed during takeoff at Floyd Bennett Field, killing 4 of the 6 crew on board. The aircraft had just completed an inspection in which the control columns were removed and inspected for fatigue cracks. Although not proven, it is believed that poor maintenance during the re-installation of the control columns led to the crash.[79]
  • On 3 July 1964, U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E Albatross, Coast Guard 7233, was lost along with all five crew members as it returned from a search for a missing fishing boat. Two days later, the wreckage was found on a mountainside, 3 miles (4.8 km) from its base at Air Station Annette, Alaska.[80]
  • On 18 June 1965, on the first Operation Arc Light mission flown by B-52 Stratofortresses of Strategic Air Command to hit a target in South Vietnam, two aircraft collided in the darkness. Eight crew were killed, but four survivors were located and picked up by an HU-16A-GR Albatross amphibian, AF serial number 51-5287. The Albatross was damaged on take-off by a heavy sea state, and those on board had to transfer to a Norwegian freighter and a Navy vessel, the aircraft sinking thereafter.[81]
  • On 9 January 1966, a Republic of China HU-16 carrying three mainland Chinese naval defectors was shot down by communist MiGs over the Straits of Formosa, just hours after they had surrendered their landing ship and asked for asylum. The Albatross was attacked just 15 minutes after departing the island of Matsu on a 135 miles (217 km) flight to Taipei. According to a U.S. Defense Department announcement, the attack was a swift—and perhaps intentional—retribution for the communist sailors who killed seven fellow crew members during their predawn escape to freedom.[82]
  • On 23 April 1966, a Royal Canadian Air Force Grumman CSR-110 Albatross (9302) serving with No. 121 Composite Unit (KU) at RCAF Station Comox, BC crashed on the Hope Slide near Hope, BC. It was the only RCAF Albatross loss. Five of the six crew members died (Squadron Leader J. Braiden, Flying Officer Christopher J. Cormier, Leading Aircraftsman Robert L. McNaughton, Flight Lieutenant Phillip L. Montgomery, and Flight Lieutenant Peter Semak). Flying Officer Bob Reid was the sole survivor. A portion of the wreckage is still visible and can be hiked to.
  • On 18 January 1967, a Grumman HU-16A Albatross operated by the Indonesian Air Force (AURI), military registration 302, en route to Malang-Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport (MLG/WARA), was reported as missing with the loss of all 19 occupants onboard.[83][84]
  • On 5 March 1967, U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E Albatross, Coast Guard 1240, c/n G-61, out of Coast Guard Air Station St. Petersburg, Florida, deployed to drop a dewatering pump to a sinking 40-foot (12 m) yacht, Flying Fish, in the Gulf of Mexico off of Carrabelle, Florida. Shortly after making a low pass behind the sinking vessel to drop the pump, the flying boat crashed a short distance away, with loss of all six crew. The vessel's crew heard a loud crash, but could see nothing owing to fog. The submerged wreck was not identified until 2006.[85][86]
  • On 15 June 1967, U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E Albatross, Coast Guard 7237, was based at Coast Guard Air Station Annette Island, in Alaska. The crew was searching near Sloko Lake, British Columbia, Canada, for a missing light plane. The pilot began following the river up to Sloko Lake, intending to turn around at the lake and fly back out of the valley. The co-pilot called for a right turn, but for some reason, the plane went left. According to reports, the co-pilot shouted, “Come right! Come right!” The plane hit the mountain, and burst into flames. The three observers in the back were able to get clear of the wreckage, and reported seeing an intense fire engulf the front half of the aircraft. Pilot Lt. Robert Brown, co-pilot Lt. David Bain, and radio operator AT2 Robert Striff, Jr., however, were killed. The wreckage can still be seen on the side of the mountain in Atlin Provincial Park.[87]
  • On 7 August 1967, U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E Albatross, Coast Guard 2128, c/n G-355, (ex-USAF SA-16A, 52-128), out of CGAS San Francisco, returning from a search mission for an overdue private cabin cruiser Misty (which had run out of fuel) in the Pacific Ocean off of San Luis Obispo, struck a slope of Mount Mars near the Monterey-San Luis Obispo County line, about 0.5 miles (0.80 km) east of Highway 1. The airframe broke in two, killing two crew immediately and injuring four others, with one dying in the hospital several days later.[88]
  • On 21 September 1973, U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E Albatross, Coast Guard 2123, was lost over the Gulf of Mexico. The crew was dropping flares over a search area when one flare ignited inside the aircraft, incapacitating the pilots, which led the aircraft to enter an uncontrollable spin. All seven on board were killed.[80]
  • On 23 January 1986, Indonesian Air Force HU-16A Albatross number IR-0222 crashed into the water at Makassar harbor during an attempted emergency landing. Five out of 8 crew were killed in the accident. The wreckage also blocked the harbor and delaying a Pelni liner from docking.[89]
  • On 5 November 2009, Albatross N120FB of Albatross Adventures crashed shortly after take-off from St. Lucie County International Airport, Fort Pierce, Florida. An engine failed shortly after take-off; the aircraft was damaged beyond economic repair.[90]

Specifications (HU-16B)

3-view line drawing of the Grumman SA-16A Albatross
3-view line drawing of the Grumman SA-16A Albatross
3-view line drawing of the Grumman UF-2 Albatross
3-view line drawing of the Grumman UF-2 Albatross

Data from Albatross: Amphibious Airborne Angel,[91] United States Navy Aircraft since 1911,[92] Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1958-59[93] Grumman Albatross: A History of the Legendary Seaplane[94]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 4-6
  • Capacity: 10 passengers
  • Length: 62 ft 10 in (19.15 m)
  • Wingspan: 96 ft 8 in (29.46 m)
  • Height: 25 ft 10 in (7.87 m)
  • Wing area: 1,035 sq ft (96.2 m2)
  • Airfoil: NACA 23017[95]
  • Empty weight: 22,883 lb (10,380 kg)
  • Gross weight: 30,353 lb (13,768 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 37,500 lb (17,010 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 675 US gal (562.1 imp gal; 2,555.2 l) internal fuel + 400 US gal (333.1 imp gal; 1,514.2 l) in wingtip floats + two 300 US gal (249.8 imp gal; 1,135.6 l) drop tanks
  • Powerplant: 2 × Wright R-1820-76A Cyclone 9 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 1,425 hp (1,063 kW) each for take-off
1,275 hp (951 kW) normal rating from sea level to 3,000 ft (914 m)
  • Propellers: 3-bladed Hamilton Standard constant-speed fully-feathering reversible-pitch propellers

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 236 mph (380 km/h, 205 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 124 mph (200 km/h, 108 kn)
  • Stall speed: 74 mph (119 km/h, 64 kn)
  • Range: 2,850 mi (4,590 km, 2,480 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 21,500 ft (6,600 m)
  • Rate of climb: 1,450 ft/min (7.4 m/s)

Avionics

  • AN/APS-31A search radar

See also

  • Aircraft in fiction#Grumman HU-16 Albatross

Related development

  • Grumman Goose
  • Grumman Mallard

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

References

  1. ↑ Pigott, Peter (2001). Wings across Canada: an illustrated history of Canadian aviation. Dundurn Press. p. 121. ISBN 1-55002-412-4. https://archive.org/details/wingsacrosscanad00pigo_0/page/121. 
  2. ↑ "Australia to restart HU-16 production after 60 years". 14 December 2021. https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29700-australia-to-restart-uh-16-production-after-60-years. 
  3. ↑ Minami, Wayde. "Albatross Was a Maryland Air Guard Classic". 175th Wing, Air National Guard. http://www.175wg.ang.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123200893. 
  4. ↑ "Grumman HU-16B Albatross". National Museum of the United States Air Force. May 29, 2015. https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/196902/grumman-hu-16b-albatross/. 
  5. ↑ Grossnick, Roy A.. "Part 10: The Seventies 1970–1980". United States Naval Aviation 1910–1995. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center Department of the Navy. pp. 279–330. http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-1910/PART10.PDF. 
  6. ↑ "FAA Aircraft Registry N44HQ". Federal Aviation Administration. http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=44HQ. 
  7. ↑ "Albatross One". row44.com. http://row44.com/about/albatross/. 
  8. ↑ "Speedy In-Flight Wi-Fi, Even During a Wild Ride". The New York Times. 17 October 2011. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/18/business/row-44-fine-tuning-its-satellite-wi-fi-systems-for-airlines.html. 
  9. ↑ Foreman, Herb (March 11, 2013). "Record Holding Albatross Retires to Hiller Aviation Museum". http://inflight.squarespace.com/featured/2013/3/11/record-holding-albatross-retires-to-hiller-aviation-museum.html. 
  10. ↑ Murtagh, Heather (April 29, 2013). "Hiller gets amphibious contribution". http://archives.smdailyjournal.com/article_preview.php?id=1769825. 
  11. ↑ "Albatross flying boat returns and will be built in NT". Australian Aviation. 13 December 2021. https://australianaviation.com.au/2021/12/albatross-flying-boat-returns-and-will-be-built-in-nt/. 
  12. ↑ "Albatross 2.0". Amphibian Aerospace Industries. https://www.amphibaircraft.com/albatross. 
  13. ↑ Mutza, Wayne (1996). Grumman Albatross: A History of the Legendary Seaplane. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 0-88740-913-X. 
  14. ↑ Wolfe, Ray. "Albatross Current Status List". Grumman Albatross Research. http://www.hu-16.com/current.htm. 
  15. ↑ "ARGENTINA'S REORGANISED AIR ARM pg. 385". flightglobal.com. 1969. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%201588.html. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix (2009).
  17. ↑ "World Air Forces 1971 pg. 924". Flightglobal Insight. 1971. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%201040.html. 
  18. ↑ "Aircraft – ITPS Canada". http://www.itpscanada.com/aircraft/. 
  19. ↑ Canadian Warbirds of the Post-War Piston Era. Writers Press Club. 2001. ISBN 9780595184200. https://books.google.com/books?id=qJUDRC51uSQC&q=RCAF+HU-16&pg=PA43. Retrieved 2 April 2018. 
  20. ↑ "World Air Forces 1971 pg. 926". Flightglobal Insight. 1971. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%201041.html. 
  21. ↑ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 92". flightglobal.com. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202542.html. 
  22. ↑ "World Air Forces 1971 pg. 928". Flightglobal Insight. 1971. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%201043.html. 
  23. ↑ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 59". flightglobal.com. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202509.html. 
  24. ↑ "World Air Forces 1971 pg. 930". flightglobal.com. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%201047.html. 
  25. ↑ TNI, PUSPEN TNI, Puspen Mabes. "LINTASAN SEJARAH ANGKATAN UDARA | WEBSITE TENTARA NASIONAL INDONESIA" (in en). https://tni.mil.id/view-13303-lintasan-sejarah-angkatan-udara.html. 
  26. ↑ "SOUTH EAST ASIA 1960s-1970s - INDONESIA & DUTCH NEW GUINEA". http://www.goodall.com.au/photographs/indonesia-dutch-ng-60-70/seasiaindonesiadutchng.html. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "SINGAPORE-SELETAR AIRPORT 1981". http://www.goodall.com.au/photographs/seletar-1981/8.81singapore.html. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 "GRUMMAN SA-16 / UF ALBATROSS". uswarplanes.net. 2018. http://www.uswarplanes.net/sa16.html. 
  29. ↑ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 68". flightglobal.com. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202518.html. 
  30. ↑ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 72". flightglobal.com. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202522.html. 
  31. ↑ "World Air Forces 1971 pg. 934". flightglobal.com. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%201051.html. 
  32. ↑ "PAKISTAN'S AIR POWER pg. 92". flightglobal.com. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%201281.html?search=HU-16. 
  33. ↑ "World Air Forces 1971 pg. 935". flightglobal.com. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%201052.html. 
  34. ↑ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 78". flightglobal.com. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202528.html. 
  35. ↑ "Altimagem: Grumman SA-16 Albatross". https://altimagem.blogspot.com/2013/12/88-grumman-sa-16-albatross.html. 
  36. ↑ "World Air Forces 1971 pg. 937". flightglobal.com. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%201054.html. 
  37. ↑ "World Air Forces 1955 pg. 664". flightglobal.com. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%200666.html. 
  38. ↑ "Historian's Office". history.uscg.mil. https://www.history.uscg.mil/Historic-Ships/. 
  39. ↑ "HU-16E Albatross". marchfield.org. https://www.marchfield.org/aircraft/other/hu-16e-albatross-grumman/. 
  40. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-0006". Strategic Air and Space Museum. http://www.sasmuseum.com/2008/11/21/hu-16b-albatross/. 
  41. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-0022". Pima Air and Space Museum. http://www.pimaair.org/collection-detail.php?cid=129. 
  42. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-7144". Museum of Aviation. http://www.museumofaviation.org/HU16.php. 
  43. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-7163". Castle Air Museum. http://www.castleairmuseum.org/grumman_hu16b.html. 
  44. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-7176". Pier System. https://www.piersystem.com/go/doc/586/1079423/-Media-Advisory-Clearwater-Coast-Guard-to-dedicate-restored-aircraft-celebrate-Centennial-of-Naval-Aviation. 
  45. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-7193". Aero Web. http://www.aero-web.org/museums/md/mdang175/51-7193.htm. 
  46. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-7195". Yanks Air Museum. https://yanksair.com/Products/71/110/Grumman-G-64-Albatross-UH-16/. 
  47. ↑ "HU-16A Albatross/MM50-179". http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/mezzi/mstorici/Pagine/default.aspx#. 
  48. ↑ "The Grumman Albatross Web Site – Albatrosses in Museum" (in en). http://www.hu-16.com/museums.htm. 
  49. ↑ "Bandung Air Show 2017 Akan Hadir di Bandara Husein Sastranegara" (in id). 8 November 2017. https://jabar.inews.id/berita/bandung-air-show-2017-akan-hadir-di-bandara-husein-sastranegara. 
  50. ↑ "The Sea Scouts" (in id). 21 December 2018. http://fenomenanews.com/the-sea-scouts. 
  51. ↑ "Lanud Abd Saleh Geser Pesawat Albatros ke Jogging Track" (in id). 6 February 2018. https://tni-au.mil.id/lanud-abd-saleh-geser-pesawat-albatros-ke-jogging-track/. 
  52. ↑ Esteban Brea (2012-03-13). "Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica: Más de medio siglo de preservación" (in es). Gaceta Aeronautica. http://www.gacetaeronautica.com/gaceta/wp-101/?p=1009. 
  53. ↑ Cater & Caballero (IPMS Magazine May 2013)
  54. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-5282". National Museum of the US Air Force. http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/196902/grumman-hu-16b-albatross.aspx. 
  55. ↑ https://www.goodall.com.au/grumman-amphibians/grummanalbatross.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  56. ↑ "Aviation Photo #1838634: Grumman HU-16B Albatross - Thailand - Navy". https://www.airliners.net/photo/Thailand-Navy/Grumman-HU-16B-Albatross/1838634. 
  57. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/137928". Buffett World. http://www.buffettworld.com/aviation/albatross/. 
  58. ↑ Highton, Scott. "Virtual Reality Tour Grumman Albatross HU-16C". http://www.highton.com/hiller/albatross/. 
  59. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-7209". Aerospace Museum of California. http://aerospacemuseumofcalifornia.org/museum_aircraft/hu16b.html. 
  60. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-7216". Aero Web. http://www.aero-web.org/museums/ny/harp/51-7216.htm. 
  61. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-7228". New England Aviation Museum. http://www.neam.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=898. 
  62. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-7236". National Museum of Naval Aviation. http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/explore/exhibits-and-collections/aircraft-on-display. 
  63. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-7245". Pacific Coast Air Museum. http://www.pacificcoastairmuseum.org/aircraft/HU16EAlbatross.asp. 
  64. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-7247". Warbirds Resource Group. http://www.warbirdregistry.org/albatrossregistry/albatross-517247.html. 
  65. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-7250". HU-16 Museums. http://www.hu-16.com/museums.htm. 
  66. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-7251". Aero Web. http://www.aero-web.org/museums/tx/dlap/51-7251.htm. 
  67. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/51-7254". Jimmy Doolittle Museum. 9 September 2012. http://jimmydoolittlemuseum.org/html/hu16.html. 
  68. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/1280". Aero Web. http://www.aero-web.org/museums/nm/natomm/1280.htm. 
  69. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/1293". March Field Air Museum. http://www.marchfield.org/sa16.htm. 
  70. ↑ "HU-16 Albatross/2129". USS Alabama Museum. http://www.ussalabama.com/aircraft.php. 
  71. ↑ "1951 USAF Serial Numbers". Joebaugher.com.. http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1951.html. 
  72. ↑ "Albatross Plane Crash Site". Death-Valley.net. http://www.death-valley.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=21016&sid=2fd78e5c173f4e09fb5ceb51934e2cf1. 
  73. ↑ "Video of wreck site". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBX7RP8OoXg. 
  74. ↑ "Ameríska björgunarflugvélin fannst uppi á Eyjafjallajökli í gær" (in is). Alþýðublaðið. 20 May 1952. https://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=1091997. 
  75. ↑ "Fundu leifar af mannslíkama á Eyjafjallajökli" (in is). Alþýðublaðið. 26 May 1964. https://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=2331537. 
  76. ↑ "Þrjú lík bandarískra flugmanna fundust uppi á Eyjafjallajökli" (in is). Tíminn. 22 August 1966. https://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=2386631. 
  77. ↑ "Lík bandarískra flugmanna finnast á Eyjafjallajökli" (in is). Þjóðviljinn. 22 August 1966. http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=2810773. 
  78. ↑ "Armed Forces Day Crash". http://www.check-six.com/Coast_Guard/Salem_Armed_Forces_Day_Crash.htm. 
  79. ↑ "Four Perish in USCG Test Flight". http://www.check-six.com/Coast_Guard/22_Aug_1957_test_flight.htm. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 "Fatal Coast Guard Aircraft Accidents". http://www.check-six.com/lib/Coast_Guard_Aviation_Casualties.htm#1960. 
  81. ↑ Schlight, John (1988). The War in South Vietnam: The Years of the Offensive, 1965-1968 (The United States Air Force in Southeast Asia). Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force. p. 52. ISBN 0-912799-51-X. 
  82. ↑ "Migs [sic] Shoot Down Unarmed Chinese Plane". Playground Daily News. United Press International (Fort Walton Beach, FL) 19 (342): p. 2. 10 January 1966. 
  83. ↑ "The Straits Times". 21 January 1967. p. 1. 
  84. ↑ "ASN aircraft accident Grumman HU-16A Albatross 302 Java". Flight Safety Foundation. 1967. https://Aviation-Safety.net/database/record.php?id=19670118-0. 
  85. ↑ Barnette, Michael (2008). Florida's Shipwrecks. Images of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-7385-5413-6. 
  86. ↑ "Coast Guard Plane Feared Lost in Gulf". Star-News. United Press International (Pasadena, CA). 6 March 1967. 
  87. ↑ "Coast Guard Aviation Casualties". 15 June 1967. http://www.check-six.com/lib/Coast_Guard_Aviation_Casualties.htm#1960. 
  88. ↑ Freeze, Ken (7 August 1967). "Mt. Mars USCG HU-16E Crash". Jacksjoint.com. http://www.jacksjoint.com/MT_Mars_USCG_HU-16_crash_site.htm. 
  89. ↑ "Crash of a Grumman HUI-16A Albatross off Makassar: 5 killed | Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives". https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-grumman-hui-16a-albatross-makassar-5-killed. 
  90. ↑ "Accident description". http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20091105-0. 
  91. ↑ Dorr, Robert F. (October 1991). "Albatross: Amphibious Airborne Angel". Air International 41 (4): 193–201. ISSN 0306-5634. 
  92. ↑ Swanborough, Gordon; Bowers, Peter M. (1976). United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 (Second ed.). Putnam: London. p. 230. ISBN 0-370-10054-9. 
  93. ↑ Bridgman, Leonard, ed (1958). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1958-59. London: Jane's All the World's Aircraft Publishing Co. Ltd.. pp. 311–312. 
  94. ↑ Mutza, Wayne (1996). Grumman Albatross: A History of the Legendary Seaplane. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 0-88740-913-X. 
  95. ↑ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html. 

Further reading

External links

External video
T.F. 1-5046A – Flight Training (Part 1)
T.F. 1-5046B – Flight Training (Part 2)



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