Engineering:48-volt electrical system
A 48-volt DC electrical system voltage is a relatively low-voltage electrical system that is increasingly used in vehicles. It began in the 2010s as a way to increase the propulsion and battery recharge during braking for fuel savings in internal combustion engine vehicles, especially mild hybrid vehicles.[1]
History
Traditionally, vehicle low voltage applications were powered by a 12-volt system. In the 1990s, an attempt by a cross-industry standards group to specify a 42-volt electrical system failed to catch on and was abandoned by 2009.[2] During the 2010s, renewed interest arose for a 48-volt low-voltage standard for powering automotive electronics, especially in hybrid vehicles.[3]
In 2011, German car manufacturers Audi, BMW, Daimler Benz, Porsche, and Volkswagen[4] agreed on a 48V system[clarification needed] supplementing the legacy 12V low-voltage automotive standard.[5]
In model year 2017, the Renault Scenic dCi Hybrid Assist was the first 48V mild-hybrid passenger car.[citation needed]
As of 2018, a 48V electrical subsystem operated production vehicles such as Porsche and Bentley SUVs. Audi and Mercedes-Benz used a 48V subsystem in 2018 vehicles such as A6, A7, A8 with 3.0 TDI 48V mild-hybrid, CLS, E-Class, S-Class with M256 3.0 Turbo Otto 48V Mild-Hybrid.[6][clarification needed]
Hyundai Tucson, Hyundai Santa Fe, Kia Ceed and Kia Sportage followed in model year 2019 with 1.6 and 2.0 turbodiesel engines supported by 48V mild-hybrid technology.[citation needed]
A European automotive trade association, CLEPA, estimated in 2018 that as many as 1 of every 10 new vehicles in 2025 would use at least one 48 volt device in the vehicle, covering 15 million vehicles per year.[7]
In March 2023, Tesla Inc. revealed that the Tesla Cybertruck and next-generation vehicle would utilize a 48-volt mid-voltage subsystem as a replacement of 12V system, migrating the low-voltage components with highest power demand to 48V.[8][better source needed]
In December 2023, in order to accelerate the adoption by other automakers of 48 V system voltage for automotive components, Tesla offered a "48-volt electrical system whitepaper" to all industry leaders. CEO Jim Farley confirmed that Ford had received a copy and agreed to 'help the supply base move into the 48-volt future".[9] Tesla also adopted 48 volts for its Optimus robot.[9]
Benefits
A 48V system can provide more power, improve energy recuperation,[7] and allow up to an 85% decrease in cable mass.[10]
12-volt systems can provide only 3.5 kilowatts, while a 48 V power could achieve 15 to 20 kW or even 50 kW. 48 volts is below the level that is considered safe without special protective measures.[11]
See also
- Automotive battery
- Extra-low voltage
- Load dump
- List of electric vehicle battery manufacturers
References
- ↑ Tracy, David (January 13, 2017). "Everything You Need To Know About The Upcoming 48-Volt Electrical Revolution In Cars". Jalopnik. https://jalopnik.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-upcoming-48-volt-1790364465.
- ↑ Allen, Mike (1 October 2009). "Whatever Happened to the 42-Volt Car?". Popular Mechanics. http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/a2198/4226979/.
- ↑ Why Cars Are Moving to 48-Volt Electrical Systems, Bill Howard April 26, 2017 https://www.extremetech.com/cars/247889-cars-moving-48-volt-electrical-systems
- ↑ Vollmer, Alfred (June 14, 2011). "Deutsche OEMs setzen Standards". all-electronics. https://www.all-electronics.de/automotive-transportation/deutsche-oems-setzen-standards.html.
- ↑ Hammerschmidt, Christoph (June 16, 2011). "German carmakers agree on 48V on-board supply, charging plug". eeNews Automotive. http://www.eenewsautomotive.com/news/german-carmakers-agree-48v-board-supply-charging-plug.
- ↑ Mayersohn, Norman (February 8, 2018). "To Power the Future, Carmakers Flip on 48-Volt Systems". The New York Times (Subscription content?). https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/08/business/electric-cars-48-volts.html.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 48 VOLT: A proven technology to reduce CO2 and NOx emission, CLEPA, 2018 https://clepa.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/CLEPA-48v-technology.pdf
- ↑ Schulz, Bailey (November 30, 2023). "What we learned from the Tesla Cybertruck delivery event about price, range and more". https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2023/11/30/tesla-cybertruck-event-livestream-how-to-watch/71754394007/.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "5 Tesla Cybertruck Features That Didn't Make It Into Production and Five No One Saw Coming". AutoEvolution. 10 December 2023. https://www.autoevolution.com/news/5-tesla-cybertruck-features-that-didn-t-make-it-into-production-and-five-no-one-saw-coming-225831.html#.
- ↑ 48-V Systems: What You Need to Know as Automakers Say Goodbye to 12 V, 21 July 2023, Today, 48-V power systems are already helping improve the efficiency and performance of ICE and mild hybrid vehicles, but they will become an essential technology for tomorrow's EVs, Lee Goldberg, Related To: Electronic Design https://www.electronicdesign.com/markets/automotive/article/21269271/electronic-design-48v-systems-what-you-need-to-know-as-automakers-say-goodbye-to-12-v
- ↑ Texas Instruments Bullish on 48-Volt Automotive Systems, Dan Carney, March 31, 2021 https://www.designnews.com/electronics/texas-instruments-bullish-on-48-volt-automotive-systems
- 48V Vehicle Electrical System – More Than Just a Bridging Technology? Dusan Graovac, Christoph Schulz-Linkholt, Thomas Blasius, 23 April 2020, EE Times/Asia.(Subscription content?)
- ISO 21780:2020(en) Road vehicles — Supply voltage of 48 V — Electrical requirements and tests[clarification needed]
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