Earth:Salamanca Formation

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Short description: Geologic formation in Chubut Province, Argentina
Salamanca Formation
Stratigraphic range: latest Maastrichtian-Danian
(Tiupampan-Peligran)
~66.0–61.6 Ma
↓
Unit ofRío Chico Group
UnderliesPeñas Coloradas Formation
(Río Chico Group)
OverliesLago Colhué Huapí Formation
(Chubut Group)
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, mudstone
OtherLimestone
Location
Country Argentina
ExtentGolfo San Jorge Basin
Type section
RegionChubut and Santa Cruz Provinces
CountryArgentina
Map of Punta Peligro.png
Location of the Salamanca Formation within Argentina

The Salamanca Formation is a geologic formation in the Golfo San Jorge Basin of central Patagonia that yields well-preserved, well-dated fossils from the early Paleocene. Studies of these fossils are providing new data on plant and animal diversity following the end-Cretaceous extinction event.[1][2]

The Salamanca Formation crops out in the San Jorge Basin in southern Chubut and northern Santa Cruz provinces, Argentina, overlying the Cretaceous Chubut Group and is part of the Paleocene and Eocene Río Chico Group.[3][4][5][6] The formation yields abundant plant remains[7][8][9][10][11][12] as well as fossils of invertebrates, marine macrofaunas,[13] reptiles,[14][15][16][17][18] and mammals.[2][19][20][21][22][23][24][4][3] The formation consists primarily of estuarine to shallow marine deposits.[25][26]

Palynological analysis of the Salamanca Formation shows low floral diversity after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, followed by a rapid recovery. 50% of all pollen types are angiosperms, whereas gymnosperms accounted for only ~13% of total richness; however, Classopollis pollen, representing the extinct conifer family Cheirolepidiaceae, is the most abundant palynomorph.[3] Wood assemblages from the Salamanca Formation. are dominated by conifers, but the presence of fossil angiosperm woods indicate that they were also part of the canopy.[8][9] The co-occurrence of palms, dicot woods with indistinct growth rings, and alligatorids,[15][16][17][18] indicates temperature remained above freezing year-round. The results of leaf physiognomic analyses indicate that the climate in the San Jorge Basin during the early Paleocene was warm subtropical.[27][28][29][30]

Paleoflora

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Agathis[31] A. immortalis Leaves, twigs, pollen cones, ovuliferous complexes, pollen, seeds A conifer belonging to Araucariaceae. Oldest known species of Agathis[31]
Akania[10] A. sp. Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant of the family Akaniaceae
Azolla[32] A. keuja Palacio de los Loros A fern belonging to the family Salviniaceae
Banaraphyllum[10] B. ovatum Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant
Cissites[10] C. patagonicum Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to Vitaceae, related to the modern genus Cissus
Classopollis[3] C. sp. Palacio de los Loros Pollen belonging to the extinct conifer family Cheirolepidiaceae
Cunoniantha[33] C. bicarpellata A flowering plant belonging to the family Cunoniaceae
Dryophyllum[10] D. australis Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant
Fagophyllum[10] F. duseni Palacio de los Loros Leaves, related to Fagaceae
Kirketapel[34] K. salamanquensis A scale-leaved conifer belonging to the family Podocarpaceae.
Lacinipetalum[35] L. spectabilum Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Cunoniaceae
Laurophyllum[10] L. chubutensis

L. piatnitzkyi

Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Lauraceae
Lygodium[10] Sp. A fern belonging to the Schizaeales, another indeterminate distinct fern is also present
Myrica[10] M. premira Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Myricaceae
Nothofagus[10] sp. Leaves
Notiantha[1] N. grandensis Rancho Grande Flowers A flowering plant belonging to the family Rhamnaceae
Palaeophytocrene[36] P. ga Estancia Las Violetas A fruit A floweing plant belonging to the family Icacinaceae
Paracacioxylon[8] P frenguellii Palacio de los Loros Wood A flowering plant belonging to the family Mimosoideae
Paranymphaea[10] P aristolochiaformis Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Nymphaeaceae
Sterculia[10][37] S. acuminataloba Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Malvaceae
Stephania[38] S. psittaca Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Menispermaceae
Suessenia[1] S. grandensis Rancho Grande Leaves A flowering plant belonging to the family Rhamnaceae
Wilkinsoniphyllum[38] W. menispermoides Palacio de los Loros Leaves A flowering plant belonging to the family Menispermaceae
Tripylocarpa[39] T. aestuaria Seed A flowering plant belonging to the palm tribe Cocoseae
Volkheimerites[40] V. labyrinthus Flowering plant pollen of uncertain placement
Fabaceae[10]
Sapindaceae[10]
Urticaceae[10]
Rosaceae[10]
Podocarpaceae[10] Leaves and cones

Paleofauna

Fish

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Xiphactinus[41] X. sp. A member of the Ichthyodectiformes.
Xiphactinus audax.png

Amphibians

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Calyptocephalella[42] C. sabrosa Punta Peligro A frog belonging to the family Calyptocephalellidae.
Gigantobatrachus[43] G. casamiquelai Punta Peligro A frog

Reptiles

Testudines

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Hydromedusa[44] H. casamayorensis Punta Peligro A member of the family Chelidae.
Najadochelys[45] N. patagonica Punta Peligro
Peligrochelys[46][47] P. walshae Punta Peligro A member of Meiolaniformes
Salamanchelys[48] S. palaeocenica Punta Peligro A member of the family Chelidae.
Trionyx T. argentina Punta Peligro A member of the family Trionychidae
Yaminuechelys[45] Y. maior Punta Peligro A member of the family Chelidae.

Crocodylomorphs

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Eocaiman[15][16] E. palaeocenicus Punta Peligro A caimanine alligatorid.
Necrosuchus[18] N. ionensis Estancia Las Violetas
Necrosuchus ionensis.jpg
Protocaiman[17] P. peligrensis Punta Peligro
Protocaiman skull.jpg

Lepidosaurs

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Kawasphenodon[49] K. peligrensis Punta Peligro A sphenodontian

Mammals

Monotremes

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Monotrematum[50][51] M. sudamericanum Punta Peligro Teeth from the upper and lower jaws[52] A monotreme

Allotheres

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Sudamerica[53] S. ameghinoi Punta Peligro A gondwanathere
Sudamerica jaw.svg

Meridiolestidans

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Peligrotherium[2][54] P. tropicalis Punta Peligro A member of the clade Mesungulatoidea.
Peligrotherium.jpg

Meridiungulates

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Escribania[21][23] E. chubutensis

E. talonicuspsis

Punta Peligro A member of the family Didolodontidae.
Escribania chubutensis.jpg
Raulvaccia[21] R. peligrensis Punta Peligro A member of the family Didolodontidae.
Requisia[24] R. vidmari Punta Peligro A member of the family Notonychopidae.

Metatherians

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Derorhynchus[55] D. aff. minutus Punta Peligro A metatherian of uncertain affinities
Didelphopsis[55] Indeterminate
?Sparassodonta[55] Indeterminate Astragalus
Polydolopimorphia[55] Indeterminate Two taxa, one of which is a member of Bonapartheriidae
Metatheria[55] Indeterminate Right petrosal (MPEF-PV 2235)

Invertebrates

After[56] unless otherwise noted

Name Species Material Notes Image
Acesta A bivalve belonging to Limidae
Arca A bivalve belonging to Arcidae
?Astarte A bivalve belonging to Astartidae
Aporrhaidae Indeterminate Gastropod
Austrophaera A bivalve
Barbatia A bivalve belonging to Arcidae
Bathytormus A bivalve belonging to Crassatellidae
Buccinidae Four distinct genera Gastropod
Cancellariidae Indeterminate A gastropod
Calyptraeidae Indeterminate Gastropod
Cardites A bivalve belonging to Carditidae
Cavoscala A gastropod belonging to Epitoniidae
Claibornicardia A bivalve belonging to Carditidae
Costacopluma[57] C. salamanca A crab belonging to the family Retroplumidae
Crenilabium A gastropod belonging to Acteonidae
Cubitostrea A bivalve belonging to Ostreidae
Cucullaea Bivalve
Darwinices A gastropod belonging to Naticidae
?Dosinia A bivalve belonging to Veneridae
Fusinus A gastropod belonging to Fasciolariidae
Fyfea A gastropod
Globisininae Indeterminate Gastropods belonging to the family Naticidae
Glycymerita A bivalve belonging to Glycymerididae
Gryphaostrea A bivalve
Gyroscala A gastropod belonging to Epitoniidae
Harpidae Nov. Gen. A gastropod
Heteroterma A gastropod belonging to Tudiclidae
?Larma A bivalve belonging to Veneridae
Ledina A bivalve belonging to Nuculanidae
Leionucula A bivalve belonging to Nuculidae
Lucinidae Indeterminate Bivalve
Marwickia A bivalve belonging to Veneridae
Microfulgur A gastropod belonging to Fasciolariidae
Neilo A bivalve belonging to Malletiidae
Nucula A bivalve belonging to Nuculidae
Panopea A bivalve belonging to Hiatellidae
Patellogastropoda Indeterminate Gastropod
Perissodonta A gastropod belonging to Struthiolariidae
Phacoides A bivalve belonging to Lucinidae
Pinna A bivalve belonging to Pinnidae
Priscaphander A gastropod belonging to Scaphandridae
Priscophicus A gastropod belonging to Ficidae
Pseudomaura A gastropod
Pteromyrtea A bivalve belonging to Lucinidae
Pseudotylostoma A gastropod
Pycnodonte A bivalve belonging to Gryphaeidae
Ringiculidae Indeterminate A gastropod
Rocalaria A gastropod belonging to Fasciolariidae
Rotundicardia A bivalve belonging to Carditidae
Sacella A bivalve belonging to Nuculanidae
Spineilo A bivalve belonging to Malletiidae
Struthioptera A gastropod belonging to Aporrhaidae
Sulcobuccinum A gastropod belonging to Pseudolividae
Taioma A gastropod belonging to Fasciolariidae
Talochlamys A bivalve belonging to Pectinidae
Tejonia A gastropod belonging to Naticidae
Titomaya[58] T. longobucca & T. chalcedonica A bivalve belonging to Venerida
Tornatellaea A gastropod belonging to Acteonidae
Turritellidae Nov. gen. A gastropod
Venericardia A bivalve belonging to Carditidae
Volutidae Indeterminate Gastropod
Yoldia A bivalve belonging to Yoldiidae
?Zemacies A gastropod belonging to Borsoniidae

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Jud, Nathan A.; Gandolfo, Maria A.; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter (2017-05-10). "Flowering after disaster: Early Danian buckthorn (Rhamnaceae) flowers and leaves from Patagonia" (in en). PLOS ONE 12 (5): e0176164. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176164. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 28489895. Bibcode: 2017PLoSO..1276164J. CC-BY icon.svg Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Gelfo, Javier N.; Pascual, Rosendo (2001-09-28). "Peligrotherium tropicalis (Mammalia Dryolestida) from the early Paleocene of Patagonia, a survival from a Mesozoic Gondwanan radiation". Geodiversitas 23 (3): 369–379. https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/fr/periodiques/geodiversitas/23/3/peligrotherium-tropicalis-mammalia-dryolestida-du-paleocene-inferieur-de-patagonie-un-survivant-de-la-radiation-mesozoique-gondwanienne. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Clyde, W. C.; Wilf, P.; Iglesias, A.; Slingerland, R. L.; Barnum, T.; Bijl, P. K.; Bralower, T. J.; Brinkhuis, H. et al. (2014-01-21). "New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Rio Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations". Geological Society of America Bulletin 126 (3–4): 289–306. doi:10.1130/b30915.1. ISSN 0016-7606. Bibcode: 2014GSAB..126..289C. https://doi.org/10.1130/B30915.1. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Comer, Emily E.; Slingerland, Rudy L.; Krause, Javier Marcelo; Iglesias, Ari; Clyde, William; Raigemborn, María Sol; Wilf, Peter (2015-01-07). "Sedimentary facies and depositional environments of diverse early paleocene floras, north-central San Jorge basin, Patagonia, Argentina". PALAIOS 30 (7): 553–573. doi:10.2110/palo.2014.064. ISSN 0883-1351. Bibcode: 2015Palai..30..553C. https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/41736. 
  5. ↑ Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010). "Redefinición estratigráfica del grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno Inferior), en el norte de la cuenca del golfo San Jorge, Chubut". Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67 (2): 239–256. ISSN 0004-4822. http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0004-48222010000500008&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=pt. 
  6. ↑ Legarreta, Leonardo; Uliana, Miguel A. (1994) (in es). Asociaciones de fósiles y hiatos en el Supracretácico-Neógeno de Patagonia: una perspectiva estratigráfico-secuencial. 31. pp. 257–281. ISSN 1851-8044. https://ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/2211. 
  7. ↑ Archangelsky, Sergio; Zamaloa, María del Carmen (1986). "Nuevas descripciones palinológicas de las formaciones Salamanca y Bororó, Paleoceno de Chubut (República Argentina)." (in es). Ameghiniana 23 (1–2): 35–46. ISSN 1851-8044. https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/1806. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Brea, Mariana; Matheos, Sergio; Zamuner, Alba; Ganuza, Daniel (2005) (in es). Análisis de los anillos de crecimiento del bosque fósil de Víctor Szlápelis, Terciario inferior del Chubut, Argentina. 42. pp. 407–418. ISSN 1851-8044. https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/899. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Brea, Mariana; Zamuner, Alba B.; Matheos, Sergio D.; Iglesias, Ari; Zucol, Alejandro F. (2008-12-01). "Fossil wood of the Mimosoideae from the early Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 32 (4): 427–441. doi:10.1080/03115510802417695. ISSN 0311-5518. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233159369. 
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter; Johnson, Kirk R.; Zamuner, Alba B.; Cúneo, N. Rubén; Matheos, Sergio D.; Singer, Bradley S. (2007). "A Paleocene lowland macroflora from Patagonia reveals significantly greater richness than North American analogs". Geology 35 (10): 947. doi:10.1130/g23889a.1. ISSN 0091-7613. Bibcode: 2007Geo....35..947I. 
  11. ↑ Futey, Mary K.; Gandolfo, Maria A.; Zamaloa, Maria C.; Cúneo, Rubén; Cladera, Gerardo (2012-09-01). "Arecaceae Fossil Fruits from the Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina" (in en). The Botanical Review 78 (3): 205–234. doi:10.1007/s12229-012-9100-9. ISSN 1874-9372. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230801993. 
  12. ↑ Donovan, Michael P.; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter; Labandeira, Conrad C.; Cúneo, N. Rubén (2016-11-07). "Rapid recovery of Patagonian plant–insect associations after the end-Cretaceous extinction" (in en). Nature Ecology & Evolution 1 (1): 12. doi:10.1038/s41559-016-0012. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 28812553. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-016-0012. 
  13. ↑ Feldmann, Rodney M.; Rodriguez, M. Fernanda; Martinez, Gabriela A.; Aguirre-Urreta, María (1997-05-20). "Costacopluma salamanca new species (Decapoda, Retroplumidae) from the Salamanca Formation (Danian) of Patagonia, Argentina" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 71 (1): 125–130. doi:10.1017/S0022336000039019. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/costacopluma-salamanca-new-species-decapoda-retroplumidae-from-the-salamanca-formation-danian-of-patagonia-argentina/17377A06C99E367B6F34CBBE9B495E40. 
  14. ↑ Parma, Sara Graciela; Casadío, Silvio (2016-05-20). "Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene echinoids from northern Patagonia, Argentina" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 79 (6): 1072–1087. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[1072:UCEFNP2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/upper-cretaceouspaleocene-echinoids-from-northern-patagonia-argentina/0C1C12015AA1FCD5A5108C2321C89E13. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Bona, Paula (2007). "Una nueva especie de Eocaiman Simpson (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae) del Paleoceno Inferior de Patagonia". Ameghiniana 44 (2): 435–445. ISSN 0002-7014. http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0002-70142007000200015&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=pt. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Bona, Paula; Barrios, Francisco; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Blanco, M. Victoria Fernandez (2022-05-26). "The Taxonomic Status of Notocaiman stromeri (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea) and the Early Diversity of South American Caimanines". Ameghiniana 59 (3): 210–220. doi:10.5710/AMGH.27.02.2022.3470. ISSN 0002-7014. https://bioone.org/journals/ameghiniana/volume-59/issue-3/AMGH.27.02.2022.3470/The-Taxonomic-Status-of-Notocaiman-stromeri-Crocodylia-Alligatoroidea-and-the/10.5710/AMGH.27.02.2022.3470.full. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Bona, Paula; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Barrios, Francisco; Blanco, María V. Fernandez (2018-08-29). "A new Palaeocene crocodylian from southern Argentina sheds light on the early history of caimanines" (in en). Proc. R. Soc. B 285 (1885): 20180843. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0843. ISSN 0962-8452. PMID 30135152. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Brochu, C.A. (2012). "Phylogenetic relationships of Necrosuchus ionensis Simpson, 1937 and the early history of caimanines". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163: S228–S256. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00716.x. 
  19. ↑ Pascual, Rosendo; Archer, Michael; Jaureguizar, Edgardo Ortiz; Prado, José L.; Godthelp, Henk; Hand, Suzanne J. (1992-04-23). "First discovery of monotremes in South America" (in en). Nature 356 (6371): 704–706. doi:10.1038/356704a0. ISSN 1476-4687. Bibcode: 1992Natur.356..704P. https://www.nature.com/articles/356704a0. 
  20. ↑ Forasiepi, Analía M.; Martinelli, Agustín G. (2003) (in es). Femur of a monotreme (Mammalia, Monotremata) from the Early Paleocene Salamanca Formation of Patagonia, Argentina. 40. pp. 625–630. ISSN 1851-8044. https://ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/990. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Gelfo, Javier N. (2007-09-12). "The 'condylarth' Raulvaccia peligrensis (Mammalia: Didolodontidae) from the Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (3): 651–660. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[651:TCRPMD2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0272-4634. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233272095. 
  22. ↑ Sterli, Juliana; de la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Umazano, Aldo M. (2015-04-01). "New remains and new insights on the Gondwanan meiolaniform turtle Chubutemys copelloi from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina" (in en). Gondwana Research 27 (3): 978–994. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2013.08.016. ISSN 1342-937X. Bibcode: 2015GondR..27..978S. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1342937X13002931. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Gelfo, Javier N.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, Edgardo; Rougier, Guillermo W. (2008-02-21). "New remains and species of the 'condylarth' genus Escribania (Mammalia: Didolodontidae) from the Palaeocene of Patagonia, Argentina" (in en). Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 98 (2): 127–138. doi:10.1017/S1755691007006081. ISSN 1755-6929. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/new-remains-and-species-of-the-condylarth-genus-escribania-mammalia-didolodontidae-from-the-palaeocene-of-patagonia-argentina/DA0E7A5DFF6304C4479A971D5BFC97CB. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Bonaparte, J. F.; Morales, J. (1997-12-30). "Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina" (in es). Estudios Geológicos 53 (5–6): 263–274. doi:10.3989/egeol.97535-6232. ISSN 1988-3250. https://estudiosgeol.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeol/article/view/232. 
  25. ↑ Li, Xiangchuan; Wang, Haofei; Leng, Qin; Xiao, Liang; Guo, Junfeng; He, Wenlong (2014-10-21). "Paliurus (Paliureae, Rhamnaceae) from the Miocene of East China and its Macrofossil-based Phylogenetic and Phytogeographical History" (in en). Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 88 (5): 1364–1377. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12304. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1755-6724.12304. 
  26. ↑ Wheeler, Elisabeth A.; Meyer, Herbert W. (2012-01-01). "A New (Hovenia) and an old (Chadronoxylon) Fossil Wood from the Late Eocene Florissant Formation, Colorado, U.S.A." (in en). IAWA Journal 33 (3): 309–318. doi:10.1163/22941932-90000096. ISSN 0928-1541. https://brill.com/view/journals/iawa/33/3/article-p309_6.xml. 
  27. ↑ Hinojosa, Luis Felipe; Pérez, Fernanda; Gaxiola, Aurora; Sandoval, Isabel (2011). "Historical and phylogenetic constraints on the incidence of entire leaf margins: insights from a new South American model: South American leaf margin analysis" (in en). Global Ecology and Biogeography 20 (3): 380–390. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00595.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00595.x. 
  28. ↑ Peppe, Daniel J.; Royer, Dana L.; Cariglino, Bárbara; Oliver, Sofia Y.; Newman, Sharon; Leight, Elias; Enikolopov, Grisha; Fernandez‐Burgos, Margo et al. (2011). "Sensitivity of leaf size and shape to climate: global patterns and paleoclimatic applications" (in en). New Phytologist 190 (3): 724–739. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03615.x. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 21294735. 
  29. ↑ Barreda, Viviana D.; Cúneo, Nestor R.; Wilf, Peter; Currano, Ellen D.; Scasso, Roberto A.; Brinkhuis, Henk (2012-12-17). "Cretaceous/Paleogene Floral Turnover in Patagonia: Drop in Diversity, Low Extinction, and a Classopollis Spike" (in en). PLOS ONE 7 (12): e52455. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052455. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 23285049. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...752455B. 
  30. ↑ Brea, Mariana (2008-01-01). "Estudio preliminar de microfósiles silíceos de la Formación Salamanca (Paleoceno inferior), Chubut, Argentina.". Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata.: 149–156. https://www.academia.edu/4905890. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Escapa, Ignacio H.; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter; Catalano, Santiago A.; Caraballo‐Ortiz, Marcos A.; Rubén Cúneo, N. (August 2018). "Agathis trees of Patagonia's Cretaceous‐Paleogene death landscapes and their evolutionary significance" (in en). American Journal of Botany 105 (8): 1345–1368. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1127. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 30074620. 
  32. ↑ Hermsen, Elizabeth J.; Jud, Nathan A.; De Benedetti, Facundo; Gandolfo, Maria A. (2019-09-01). "Azolla Sporophytes and Spores from the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina". International Journal of Plant Sciences 180 (7): 737–754. doi:10.1086/704377. ISSN 1058-5893. 
  33. ↑ Jud, Nathan A; Gandolfo, Maria A (2021-02-09). "Fossil evidence from South America for the diversification of Cunoniaceae by the earliest Palaeocene" (in en). Annals of Botany 127 (3): 305–315. doi:10.1093/aob/mcaa154. ISSN 0305-7364. PMID 32860407. PMC 7872129. https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/127/3/305/5898989. 
  34. ↑ Andruchow-Colombo, Ana; Escapa, Ignacio H.; Carpenter, Raymond J.; Hill, Robert S.; Iglesias, Ari; Abarzua, Ana M.; Wilf, Peter (2019-01-02). "Oldest record of the scale-leaved clade of Podocarpaceae, early Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina" (in en). Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 43 (1): 127–145. doi:10.1080/03115518.2018.1517222. ISSN 0311-5518. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03115518.2018.1517222. 
  35. ↑ Jud, Nathan A; Gandolfo, Maria A; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter (2018-01-04). "Fossil flowers from the early Palaeocene of Patagonia, Argentina, with affinity to Schizomerieae (Cunoniaceae)". Annals of Botany 121 (3): 431–442. doi:10.1093/aob/mcx173. ISSN 0305-7364. PMID 29309506. PMC 5838809. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcx173. 
  36. ↑ Poore, Colton; Jud, Nathan A.; Gandolfo, Maria A. (2023-07-11). "Fossil fruits from the early Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina reveal west Gondwanan history of Icacinaceae" (in en). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 317: 104940. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2023.104940. ISSN 0034-6667. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034666723001094. 
  37. ↑ Stiles, Elena; Wilf, Peter; Iglesias, Ari; Gandolfo, María A.; Cúneo, N. Rubén (2020-11-01). "Cretaceous–Paleogene plant extinction and recovery in Patagonia" (in en). Paleobiology 46 (4): 445–469. doi:10.1017/pab.2020.45. ISSN 0094-8373. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Jud, Nathan A.; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter; Gandolfo, Maria A. (2018). "Fossil moonseeds from the Paleogene of West Gondwana (Patagonia, Argentina)" (in en). American Journal of Botany 105 (5): 927–942. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1092. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 29882954. 
  39. ↑ Futey, Mary K.; Gandolfo, Maria A.; Zamaloa, Maria C.; Cúneo, Rubén; Cladera, Gerardo (September 2012). "Arecaceae Fossil Fruits from the Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina" (in en). The Botanical Review 78 (3): 205–234. doi:10.1007/s12229-012-9100-9. ISSN 0006-8101. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12229-012-9100-9. 
  40. ↑ Narváez, Paula Liliana; Mego, Natalia; Silva Nieto, Diego Gonzalo; Prámparo, Mercedes Beatriz; Cabaleri, Nora Graciela (2022-02-04). "The angiosperm pollen Volkheimerites labyrinthus gen. et sp. nov. from the earliest Paleogene (Danian) of Patagonia, Argentina" (in en). Palynology 46 (4): 1–13. doi:10.1080/01916122.2021.2023681. ISSN 0191-6122. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01916122.2021.2023681. 
  41. ↑ De Pasqua, Julieta J.; Agnolin, Federico L.; Bogan, Sergio (2020). "First record of the ichthyodectiform fish Xiphactinus (Teleostei) from Patagonia, Argentina". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 44 (2): 327–331. doi:10.1080/03115518.2019.1702221. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339653704. 
  42. ↑ Muzzopappa, Paula; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Garderes, Juan P.; Rougier, Guillermo W. (2020). Cavin, Lionel. ed. "Exceptional avian pellet from the Paleocene of Patagonia and description of its content: a new species of calyptocephalellid (Neobatrachia) anuran" (in en). Papers in Palaeontology 7 (2): 1133–1146. doi:10.1002/spp2.1333. ISSN 2056-2799. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1333. 
  43. ↑ Agnolin, F. (2012). "A new Calyptocephalellidae (Anura, Neobatrachia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina, with comments on its systematic position" (in en). Biology, Environmental Science, Geography. 
  44. ↑ Gelfo, Javier N.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, Edgardo; Rougier, Guillermo W. (2008). "New remains and species of the 'condylarth' genus Escribania (Mammalia: Didolodontidae) from the Palaeocene of Patagonia, Argentina" (in en). Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 98 (2): 127–138. doi:10.1017/S1755691007006081. ISSN 1755-6929. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/new-remains-and-species-of-the-condylarth-genus-escribania-mammalia-didolodontidae-from-the-palaeocene-of-patagonia-argentina/DA0E7A5DFF6304C4479A971D5BFC97CB. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Bona, Paula; De La Fuente, Marcelo S. (2005-09-30). [0569:PAPIOY2.0.CO;2 "Phylogenetic and paleobiogeographic implications of Yaminuechelys maior (Staesche, 1929) new comb., a large long-necked chelid turtle from the early Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina"]. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (3): 569–582. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0569:PAPIOY2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0272-4634. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0569:PAPIOY]2.0.CO;2. 
  46. ↑ Sterli, Juliana; de la Fuente, Marcelo S. (2013-10-01). "New evidence from the Palaeocene of Patagonia (Argentina) on the evolution and palaeo-biogeography of Meiolaniformes (Testudinata, new taxon name)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11 (7): 835–852. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.708674. ISSN 1477-2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2012.708674. 
  47. ↑ Sterli, Juliana; Vlachos, Evangelos; Krause, Marcelo; Puerta, Pablo; Oriozabala, Carolina (2021-06-25). "Contribution to the diversity of the fossil record of turtles (Testudinidata) from Chubut province (Argentina) and its significance in understanding the evolution of turtles in southern South America." (in en). Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina 21 (1): 118–160. doi:10.5710/PEAPA.26.02.2021.338. ISSN 2469-0228. https://www.peapaleontologica.org.ar/index.php/peapa/article/view/338. 
  48. ↑ Bona, Paula (2006-12-15). "Paleocene (Danian) chelid turtles from Patagonia, Argentina: taxonomic and biogeographic implications" (in en). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 241 (3): 303–323. doi:10.1127/njgpa/241/2006/303. ISSN 0077-7749. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287739076. 
  49. ↑ Apesteguía, Sebastián; Gómez, Raúl O.; Rougier, Guillermo W. (2014-10-07). "The youngest South American rhynchocephalian, a survivor of the K/Pg extinction". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281 (1792): 20140811. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0811. PMID 25143041. 
  50. ↑ Pascual, R.; Archer, M.; Jaureguizar, E.O.; Prado, J.L.; Godthelp, H.; Hand, S.J. (1992). "First discovery of monotremes in South America". Nature 356 (6371): 704–706. doi:10.1038/356704a0. Bibcode: 1992Natur.356..704P. 
  51. ↑ R. Pascual, M. Archer, E. O. Jaureguizar, J. L. Prado, H. Godthelp and S. J. Hand. 1992. The first non-Australian monotreme: an early Paleocene South American platypus (Monotremata, Ornithorhynchidae). Platypus and Echidnas. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales 1-14
  52. ↑ Pascual, R.; Goin, F.J.; Balarino, L.; Sauthier, D.E.U. (2002). "New data on the Paleocene monotreme Monotrematum sudamericanum, and the convergent evolution of triangulate molars". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47 (3): 487–492. https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app47/app47-487.pdf. Retrieved 2020-01-21. 
  53. ↑ Pascual, Rosendo; Goin, Francisco J.; Krause, David W.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, Edgardo; Carlini, Alfredo A. (1999-06-14). "The first gnathic remains of Sudamerica: implications for gondwanathere relationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 (2): 373–382. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011148. ISSN 0272-4634. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230600200. 
  54. ↑ Harper, Tony; Adkins, Caleb; Rougier, Guillermo (2022). "Reconstructed masticatory biomechanics of Peligrotherium tropicalis, a non-therian mammal from the Paleocene of Argentina" (in en). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 67. doi:10.4202/app.00912.2021. ISSN 0567-7920. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 Forasiepi, A. M.; Rougier, G. W. (2009). "Additional data on early Paleocene metatherians (Mammalia) from Punta Peligro (Salamanca Formation, Argentina): comments based on petrosal morphology" (in en). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 47 (4): 391–398. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00519.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00519.x. 
  56. ↑ del Río, Claudia Julia; Martínez, Sergio Agustín (January 2015). "Paleobiogeography of the Danian molluscan assemblages of Patagonia (Argentina)" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 417: 274–292. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.10.006. Bibcode: 2015PPP...417..274D. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018214004933. 
  57. ↑ Feldmann, Rodney M.; Rodriguez, M. Fernanda; Martinez, Gabriela A.; Aguirre-Urreta, María (January 1997). "Costacopluma salamanca new species (Decapoda, Retroplumidae) from the Salamanca Formation (Danian) of Patagonia, Argentina" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 71 (1): 125–130. doi:10.1017/S0022336000039019. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022336000039019/type/journal_article. 
  58. ↑ Alvarez, Maximiliano J.; Del Río, Claudia J. (2021-04-30). "A New Veneroid Genus (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of the Danian of Patagonia (Chubut Province, Argentina)". Ameghiniana 58 (2). doi:10.5710/AMGH.04.01.2021.3377. ISSN 0002-7014. https://bioone.org/journals/ameghiniana/volume-58/issue-2/AMGH.04.01.2021.3377/A-New-Veneroid-Genus-Mollusca--Bivalvia-of-the-Danian/10.5710/AMGH.04.01.2021.3377.full. 



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