Earth:Paleobiota of the Cañadón Asfalto Formation

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The Cañadón Asfalto Formation is a geological formation which dates to the Toarcian age of the Early Jurassic period of Argentina . The rocks of the formation preserve a diverse biota, including plants, dinosaurs, invertebrates, mammals and pterosaurs, among others. The formation is divided into two members: the lower Las Chacritas Member, and the overlying Puesto Almada member, though the latter has also been assigned to the overlying Cañadón Calcáreo Formation by some authors. The members are typically composed of fluvial-lacustrine deposits consisting of sandstones and shales, with a limestone carbonate evaporitic sequence also being present in the lower of the two.

Invertebrates

Demospongiae

Palaeospongillidae reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Palaeospongilla[1]

  • Palaeospongilla chubutensis
  • Estancia Fossati locality
  • Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Specimens

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Palaeospongillidae (Spongillida Sponges). Represents the main lacustrine bottom inhabitant of the Chacritas Paleolake

Example of the living genus Spongilla. The genus Palaeospongilla was likely similar

Crustacea

Crustacea reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Carapacestheria[2][3][4]

  • Carapacestheria taschi
  • Cañadón Asfalto
  • Cañadón Lahuincó
  • Cerro Bayo
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Isolated Valves

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Eosestheriidae (Spinicaudatan). Originally identified as Cyzicus (Euestheria) taschi. This genus is found in identical alkaline lacustrine settings in the also Toarcian Mawson Formation of Antarctica

Congestheriella[4][5]

  • Congestheriella rauhuti
  • Sierra de la Manea
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Cañadón Los Chivos
  • Puesto Almada Member

Isolated Valves

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Afrograptidae (Spinicaudatan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.

Darwinula[6]

  • Darwinula magna
  • Darwinula spp.
  • Cañadón Asfalto
  • Cañadón Lahuincó
  • Cerro Bayo
  • Cañadón Asfalto
  • Quebrada Subsidiaria
  • Estancia el Torito
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Isolated Valves

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Darwinulidae (Ostracod).

Euestheria[7][3][4]

  • Euestheria volkheimeri
  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Cerro Bayo
  • Alice Creek
  • Quebrada Subsidiaria
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Isolated Valves

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Euestheriidae (Spinicaudatan).

Lioestheria[7][3][4]

  • Cyzicus (Lioestheria) sp. B
  • Cyzicus (Lioestheria) sp. C
  • Cañadón Las Chacritas
  • Colan Conhué
  • Alice Creek
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Isolated Valves

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Fushunograptidae (Spinicaudatan).

Extant example of the Genus

Mandelstamia[7][6]

  • Mandelstamia? spp.
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Puesto Almada Member

Isolated Valves

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Limnocytheridae (Ostracodan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation

Metacypris[7][6]

  • Metacypris sp.
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Puesto Almada Member

Isolated Valves

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Loxoconchidae (Ostracodan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.

Penthesilenula[7][6][8]

  • Penthesilenula magna
  • Penthesilenula sarytirmenensis
  • Cañadón de la Angostura
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Isolated Valves

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Darwinulidae (Ostracodan). These species are characteristic of the Middle Jurassic of northern China and where used to correlate the age of the beds

Pseudestherites[7]

  • Pseudestherites sp.
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Cañadón Los Chivos
  • Puesto Almada Member

Isolated Valves

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Antronestheriidae (Spinicaudatan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.

Theryosinoecum[7][6]

  • Theryosinoecum barrancalensis minor
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Puesto Almada Member

Isolated Valves

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Cytheroidea (Ostracodan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.

Timiriasevia[7][6]

  • Timiriasevia sp.
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Puesto Almada Member

Isolated Valves

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Limnocytheridae (Ostracodan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.

Wolfestheria[4]

  • Wolfestheria patagoniensis
  • Wolfestheria smekali
  • Cañadón Asfalto
  • Cañadón Lahuincó
  • Estancia La Sin Rumbo
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Isolated Valves

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Fushunograptidae (Spinicaudatan).

Mollusca

Mollusca reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Corbicula[9]

  • Corbicula spp.
  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Cerro Bayo
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Corbiculidae (Bivalve).

Extant example of the Genus

Cyanocyclas[9]

  • Cyanocyclas spp.
  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Cerro Bayo
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Conchas Aisladas

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Corbiculidae (Bivalvo).

Diplodon[7][9][10]

  • Diplodon spix
  • Diplodon cf.matildensis
  • Diplodon cf.spix
  • Diplodon spp.
  • Cañadón Asfalto
  • Cañadón Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Miyanao
  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Cerro Bayo
  • Alice Creek
  • Quebrada Subsidiaria
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Unionidae (Bivalve). The most abundant Bivalve genus on the Formation. Represents also some of the smallest-sized specimens recorded in the Mesozoic

Extant example of the Genus

Nayadidae[11]

Indeterminate

  • Cañadón Asfalto
  • Cañadón Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Unionidae (Bivalve).

Potamolithus[11]

  • Potamolithus? spp.
  • Cañadón Asfalto
  • Cañadón Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Tateidae (Snail).

Extant example of the Genus

Sphaeriidae[12]

Indeterminate

  • Cañadón Asfalto
  • Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Sphaeriida (Bivalve).

Viviparus[9]

  • Viviparus spp.
  • Cañadón Asfalto
  • Cañadón Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Asfalto
  • Quebrada Subsidiaria
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Viviparidae (Snail).

Extant example of the Genus

Insecta

Insect eggs of unknown affinity were reported from several layers of the Estancia Fossati locality.[1]

Insects reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Chironomidae[13]

Indeterminate

  • Gan Gan
  • Puesto Almada Member

Head capsules

Indeterminate Bittacidae (Migdes) remains, associated with lacustrine facies. Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation

Extant member of the Family

Coleoptera[14]

Indeterminate

  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Estancia Fossati
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Estancia La Sin Rumbo
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Elytra and body remains

Indeterminate Beetle remains, associated with lacustrine facies

Extant example of the Group

Conchindusia[7][14][15]

Conchindusia isp.

  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Estancia Fossati
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Estancia La Sin Rumbo
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Imprints or compressed moulds of larval cases

Indeterminate Trichoptera (Caddisflies) Ichnofossils, associated with lacustrine facies

Heteroptera[14]

Indeterminate

  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Estancia Fossati
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Estancia La Sin Rumbo
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Fragmentary wings

Indeterminate Heteroptera remains, associated with lacustrine facies

Extant example of the Group

Neorthophlebidae[13]

Indeterminate

  • Gan Gan
  • Puesto Almada member

Wings and parts of body

Indeterminate Bittacidae (Scorpionfly) remains, associated with lacustrine facies. Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation

Ostracindusia[7][14][15]

Ostracindusia isp.

  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Estancia Fossati
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Estancia La Sin Rumbo
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Imprints or compressed moulds of larval cases

Indeterminate Trichoptera (Caddisflies) Ichnofossils, associated with lacustrine facies

Terrindusia[7][14][15]

Terrindusia isp.

  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Estancia Fossati
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Estancia La Sin Rumbo
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Imprints or compressed moulds of larval cases

Indeterminate Trichoptera (Caddisflies) Ichnofossils, associated with lacustrine facies

Trichoptera[7][14][15]

Indeterminate

  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Estancia Fossati
  • Estancia El Torito
  • Estancia La Sin Rumbo
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Wings and larval cases

Indeterminate Trichoptera (Caddisflies) remains, associated with lacustrine facies

Extant example of the Group

Vertebrates

Fish

Actinopteri reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Archaeomaenidae[16]

Indeterminate

  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Cañadón Asfalto
  • Cañadón Miyanao
  • Estancia Fossati
  • Localidad de Canela[17]
  • Cañadón Asfalto
  • Quebrada Subsidiaria
  • Las Chacritas Member

Isolated large median fin & Isolated Scales

A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Archaeomaenidae (Teleostei). Maybe related to the genus Oreochima, coming from layers coeval, coregional, and of identical deposition of the Mawson Formation of Antarctica

Example of member of the family Archaeomaenidae, Archaeomaene

Amphibians

Amphibians reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Notobatrachus[18][19]

  • Notobatrachus degiustoi[20]
  • Notobatrachus reigi
  • Cf.Notobatrachus sp.[17]
  • Cañadon Bagual
  • Zitarrosa
  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Canela
  • Queso Rallado

Las Chacritas Member

  • Many articulated, mostly complete skeletons
  • Most of a partially articulated skeleton and skull

An early frog of the family Notobatrachidae. Notobatrachus degiustoi can be distinguished from N. reigsi by features of the skull. The presence of this anuran in several locations suggests local proliferation linked with lacustrine bodies

Notobatrachus NT.jpg

Turtles

Turtles reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Condorchelys[18][21][22]

  • Condorchelys antiqua
  • Condorchelys cf.antiqua
  • Condorchelys spp.
  • Queso Rallado
  • Cañadon Bagual
  • Chucrut
  • Canela facies

Las Chacritas Member

  • Holotype: Most of a skull, carapace, and plastron.
  • MPEF-PV 3163, left humerus
  • MPEF-PV 3164, costal plate

A stem turtle (Mesochelydian) outside both extant groups, closely related with Kayentachelys aprix of North America and Indochelys spatulata of India. Likely occupied aquatic or semiaquatic niches.[21]

Testudinata[22]

Indeterminate

  • Canela facies

Las Chacritas Member

  • plastrons

Indeterminate Turtle remains

Lepidosaurs

Lepidosaurs reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Sphenocondor[23]

Sphenocondor gracilis

Queso Rallado

Las Chacritas Member

Dentary

A Sphenodontian Rhynchocephalian, closely related with Godavarisaurus from the almost coeval Jurassic Kota Formation of India, maybe part of an endemic Gondwanan clade.[23]

Crocodylomorpha

Crocodyliformes reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Crocodylomorpha[24]

Indeterminate

Queso Rallado

Las Chacritas Member

Several isolated remains

Indeterminate crocodylomorph remains that represent among the most complete vertebrates linked with lacustrine facies.

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Allkaruen[25]

Allkaruen koi

Canadón Carrizal

Las Chacritas Member

A braincase, as well as a mandible and cervical vertebrae.

A pterosaur either related with Breviquartossa or maybe even a sister group of monofenestratan (Wukongopteridae + Pterodactyloidea) pterosaurs

Allkaruen.png

Scaphognathinae?[26][27]

Indeterminate

Las Chacritas

Las Chacritas Member

Uncatalogued specimens, several mandibles, braincase, shoulder girdle, two humeri, several wing-finger phalanges

Indeterminate remains of a pterosaur, possibly a Rhamphorhynchoidea. It seems to represent a rhamphorhynchoid pterosaur with a wingspan of about 1.5–2 meters. The morphology is very similar to that of the lower jaw of the Scaphognathinae.[27]

Theropods

During a campaign conducted in early 2021, remains of a large theropod dinosaur were found near the town of Las Chacritas. In 2020 a new fossil locality was found, named Cañadón de las Huellas due to the large number of sauropod, and probably theropod, footprints on one of the canyon walls. In the same locality in 2021, articulated remains where recovered and represent at least one sauropod and one large theropod.[28] At least four theropod morphotypes, including one with ceratosaur and another with Piatnitzkysauridae affinities, are known from the Cañadón Bagual.[29]

Theropoda reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Asfaltovenator[30]

Asfaltovenator vialidadi

Cerro Condor

Las Chacritas Member

Nearly compete skull and largely complete front half of the skeleton forward of the hips, distal pubis and fermur and proximal fibula and tibia, partial foot

A probable early member of Allosauroidea

Asfaltovenator head portrait.jpg

Averostra[31]

Indeterminate

  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Puesto el Quemado
  • Cerro Bayo

Las Chacritas Member

Isolated teeth: MPEF BA 182/08, BA 40/08, BA 09/80, BA 88/08, BA 252G+165/08 A, BA 252G+165/08 B, BA 252G+165/08 C

Theropod dinosaur teeth that resemble those assigned to the families Ceratosauridae, Megalosauridae and Abelisauridae

Ceratosauridae[32]

Indeterminate

Cerro Cóndor

Las Chacritas Member

A dentary with teeth in situ, MPEF-PV 6775

It resembles the dentary of Ceratosaurus

Condorraptor[26][33]

Condorraptor currumili

Las Chacritas

Las Chacritas Member

Partial articulated skeleton

A relative of Piatnitzkysaurus from the same formation, and a possible junior synonym of it as well.

Condorraptor.jpg

Dromaeosauridae[31]

Indeterminate

  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Puesto el Quemado
  • Cerro Bayo

Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Teeth: MEPF BA 61/08, BA 103/08, BA 32/08 A, BA 32/08 B, BA 104/08, BA 226B/08, PV 3498, BA 29/08, BA51/08, BA 270/08 a, BA 270/08 b, BA 270/08 c

Theropod dinosaur teeth that resemble those assigned to the family Dromaeosauridae. Alternatively, they could belong to basal members of Coelurosauria

Eoabelisaurus[34]

Eoabelisaurus mefi

Jugo Luco

Las Chacritas Member

A nearly complete articulated skeleton

A Neoceratosaur, that was suggested to be a basal member of Abelisauria, but also a member of Ceratosauridae

Eoabelisaurus life restoration.jpg

Megalosauridae[31]

Indeterminate

  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Puesto el Quemado
  • Cerro Bayo

Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Teeth: MPEF PV 1175, BA 66/08, PV 1356, PV 1357

Theropod dinosaur teeth that resemble those assigned to the family Megalosauridae.

Neotheropoda[31]

Indeterminate

  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Puesto el Quemado
  • Cerro Bayo

Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Teeth: MPEF BA 68/08, BA 92/08, PV 3499, BA 68/08, BA 183/08

Theropod dinosaur teeth that resemble those assigned to basal neotheropods, such as members of Coelophysoidea.

Piatnitzkysauridae[35][31]

Indeterminate

  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Puesto el Quemado
  • Cerro Bayo

Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Teeth & Cranial remains: MPEF 1717 CC 205, PV 3440A A, PV 3440A B, PV 3440A C, PV 3440A D, PV 3440A E, PV 3440A F, PV 3440A G

Theropod dinosaur teeth that resemble those assigned to members of Piatnitzkysauridae.

Piatnitzkysaurus[33][36]

Piatnitzkysaurus floresi

Cerro Cóndor South

Las Chacritas Member

Two "fragmentary skulls with associated postcranium."[37]

Possible senior synonym of Condorraptor from the same formation.

Piatnitzkysaurus floresi by Paleocolour.jpg

Spinosauridae[31]

Indeterminate

  • Cerro Cóndor

Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Teeth : MEPF PV 1350

Theropod dinosaur teeth resembling those assigned to members of Spinosauridae. Alternatively, they could belong to members of Ceratosauria

Tetanurae[31]

Indeterminate

  • Cerro Cóndor
  • Puesto el Quemado
  • Cerro Bayo

Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Teeth : MEPF BA 84/08, BA 49/08 A, BA 49/08 B, BA 64/08, BA 65/08, BA 266/07

Theropod dinosaur teeth that resemble with those assigned to members of Megalosauridae and Dromaeosauridae

Theropoda[31]

Indeterminate

  • Cerro Cóndor

Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Teeth : MPEF PV 1640

"Outlier" tooth that doesn't fit in any previously known morphotype, maybe due to preservation

Theropodipedia[38]

Theropodipedia ichnog. indeterminate

  • Cerro Cóndor

Las Chacritas Member

Footprints

Possible theropod footprints, unassigned to any concrete ichnogenus

Sauropodomorphs

Sauropodiformes reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Bagualia[39]

Bagualia alba

Cañadon Bagual

Las Chacritas Member

The partial skeletons of three individuals

An early member of Eusauropoda, related with the African genus Spinophorosaurus

Diplodocidae[40][41]

Indeterminate

Cerro Condor Sur

Las Chacritas Member

MACN-CH 934: axial neural arches and spines, an ilium, a pubis, ?two or ?three ischia, and two maxillae

This specimen shows strong Diplodocidae affinities, yet it has been considered either a derived non-neosauropodan eusauropod (having resemblance with Lapparentosaurus in some characters) or even a basal neosauropod (also resembling Haplocanthosaurus)

Eusauropoda[41]

Indeterminate

Cerro Condor Sur

Las Chacritas Member

MACN-CH 230: three dorsal vertebrae

Likely a eusauropod, possibly a cetiosaurid. Smaller than other sauropod taxa found in the formation.

Patagosaurus[42][43]

Patagosaurus fariasi

Cerro Condor

Las Chacritas Member

Many specimens, including a partial skull.

A non-neosauropodan eusauropodan member of Cetiosauridae. This genus represents the most abundant sauropod in the formation

Patagosaurus.jpg

Sauropodiformes[44]

Indeterminate

Queso Rallado, near Cerro Cóndor

Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Teeth: MPEF-PV 10860

An indeterminate Sauropodiform or a very basal sauropod or even dental material of Volkheimeria.[45]

Sauropoda[41]

Indeterminate

Cerro Condor Sur

Las Chacritas Member

MACN-CH 219, 223(+221), 231

Too fragmentary to be ascribed to any taxon, currently classified as Sauropoda indet.

Titanosauriformes[46]

Indeterminate

Queso Rallado, near Cerro Cóndor

Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Teeth: MPEF-PV 10606

An indeterminate Titanosauriform. It can be alternatively a basal Eusauropod. Possible relationships with Atlasaurus

Volkheimeria[41]

Volkheimeria chubutensis

Cerro Cóndor South

Las Chacritas Member

"Partial skeleton consisting of presacral and sacral vertebrae, pelvis, [and] hindlimb."

Either a gravisaur or a sister taxon of the Indian genus Barapasaurus

Ornithischians

Ornithischians reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Cerapoda[47]

Indeterminate

Queso Rallado

Las Chacritas Member

Isolated ungual phalanx and Isolated Teeth: MPEF-PV 3818, MPEF-PV 3824, MEPF-PV 3820, MEPF-PV 3825, MEPF-PV 10861, MPEF-PV 10823, MPEF-PV 3821 & MPEF-PV 10864

An indeterminate Cerapodan with resemblances with Hypsilophodon. Some of the referred remains have been reclassified as Manidens material

Heterodontosauridae[47]

Indeterminate

Queso Rallado

Las Chacritas Member

Metapodials, caudal vertebrae, and isolated phalanges: MPEF-PV 3826

heterodontosaurid that cannot be compared with Manidens due to the lack of overlapping fossils.

Manidens[48][47]

Manidens condorensis

  • Queso Rallado
  • Sitio Frenguelli
  • Sitio Canela

Las Chacritas Member

Partial articulated specimen, skull & associated elements as well referred isolated teeth: MPEF-PV 3809, MPEF-PV 3211, MPEF-PV 3808, MPEF-PV 10867, MPEF-PV 1719, MPEF-PV 1786, MPEF-PV 1718, MPEF-PV 3810, MPEF-PV 3811, MPEF-PV 3812, MPEF-PV 3813, MPEF-PV 3814, MPEF-PV 3815, MPEF-PV 3816, MPEF-PV 10866

A primitive and small heterodontosaurid. Fossils attributed to this genus may have been at least partially arboreal. Principal component analysis found that the feet of Manidens were most similar to those of tree-perching birds.[49]

Manidens.jpg

Ornithischia[47]

Indeterminate

  • Queso Rallado

Las Chacritas Member

Isolated teeth: MPEF-PV 3817, MPEFPV 3819, MPEF-PV 3822.

Not referable to any taxa beyond Ornithischia Indet.

Mammals

Mammals reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Allotheria[50]

Indeterminate

Queso Rallado

Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Teeth

An Allotherian whose affinities hasn't been tested

Argentoconodon[51]

Argentoconodon fariasorum

Queso Rallado

Las Chacritas Member

MPEF-PV2362, fragmentary left maxilla, MPEF-PV2363 partial skeleton, MPEFPV2364 isolated complete right upper last molariform

A volaticotherian (Alticonodontinae), closely related to the Asian genus Volaticotherium, having similar postcraneal appearance, indicating possible gliding capabilities, yet better material is needed to prove it.[51]

Asfaltomylos[18][52]

Asfaltomylos patagonicus

Queso Rallado

Las Chacritas Member

MPEF PV 1671, complete lower maxilla

An Australosphenidan, related to Henosferus in Henosferidae.

Condorodon[50]

Condorodon spanios

Queso Rallado

Las Chacritas Member

MPEF-PV 2365, isolated complete lower left molariform

An "amphilestid" triconodont, related with the late jurassic African Tendagurodon.[50]

Henosferus[18][53]

  • Henosferus molus
  • Henosferus sp.
  • Queso Rallado
  • Canela[17]

Las Chacritas Member

MPEF 2353 right lower jaw, MPEF 2354 Left lower jaw, MPEF 2357 Left lower jaw, referred MPEF 2355 isolated upper premolar

An Australosphenidan, related to Asfaltomylos in Henosferidae, being twice as large as this last one.[53]

Fungi

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Member Material Ecogroup Palaeoclimate requirements Notes

Annella[54]

  • Annella capitata

Central Patagonia

  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Hypae and Miospores

Unknown: either Aquatic (Freshwater) or Parasitic

Unknown, suggested highly seasonality

A Fungus of uncertain relationships. This species is recovered in both coal seams and proximal prodelta sediments, making the assignation of a biome complex.[54]

Plants

According to a palynological study the dominant pollen was produced by the conifer families Cheirolepidiaceae (Classopollis) and Araucariaceae (mainly Araucariacites and Callialasporites), suggesting that warm-temperate and relatively humid conditions under highly seasonal climate prevailed during the depositional times of the unit. The abundance of Botryococcus supports the presence of a shallow lake with probably saline conditions.[55] Locally, the Cañadón Asfalto represents a more poor record of the floras seen in the undeliying Lonco Tapial Formation, with its closest floras found on the Antarctic Peninsula Sweeney Formation at Potter Peak, sharing Brachyphyllum spp. and Elatocladus confertus.[56]

Phytoplankton

Genus Species Location Member Material Ecogroup Palaeoclimate requirements Notes Images

Botryococcus[55][57][7]

  • Botryococcus sp. cf. B. braunii
  • Botryococcus spp
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Cerro Bandera
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Algae

Aquatic (freshwater); Alkaline indicator

Highly seasonal climate

A freshwater algae of the family Botryococcaceae. This genus is the main indicator, due to its abundance, of the presence of a shallow lake with probably saline conditions, reaching in some samples about 96 to 70%.[55]

Extant specimen

Leiosphaeridia[55][57]

  • Leiosphaeridia sp.
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Zygospores

Aquatic (freshwater)

Temperate to warm; seasonal climate

Algae or Algae Acritarch of the family Prasinophyceae.

Ovoidites[55][57]

  • Ovoidites spp.
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Zygospores

Aquatic (freshwater)

Temperate to warm; seasonal climate

Algae of the family Zygnemataceae

Extant Spirogyra; Ovoidites may be derived from a similar genus

Bryophyta

Genus Species Location Member Material Ecogroup Palaeoclimate requirements Notes Images

Antulsporites[55]

  • Antulsporites saevus
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Upland and Riverside

Can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Affinities with the family Sphagnaceae in the Sphagnopsida. "Peat moss" spores, related to genera such as Sphagnum that can store large amounts of water.

Extant Sphagnum specimens; Stereisporites, Sculptisporis and Rogalskaisporites probably come from similar genera

Neoraistrickia[55]

  • Neoraistrickia cf. suratensis
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Upland and Lowland

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Affinities with the family Selaginellaceae and Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopsida.

Nevesisporites[55][57]

  • Nevesisporites vallatus
  • Nevesisporites cf. undatus
  • Nevesisporites cf. radiatus
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Upland and Riverside

Can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Affinities with Bryophyta.

Retitriletes[55]

  • Retitriletes austroclavatidites
  • Retitriletes semimuris
  • Retitriletes sp. 1
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Upland and Lowland

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Affinities with Bryophyta.

Stereisporites[55]

  • Stereisporites sp. cf. S. psilatus
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Upland and Riverside

Can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Affinities with the family Sphagnaceae in the Sphagnopsida.

Equisetales

Genus Species Location Member Material Ecogroup Palaeoclimate requirements Notes Images

Equisetites[57][11][58][59]

  • Equisetites approximatus
  • Equisetites spp.
  • Cañadon Asfalto
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Paso de Indios
  • Las Chacritas Member

Stems

Lowland and Riverside

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Plants of the group Equisetales. Usually linked with riversides

Equisetites specimen

Pteridophyta

Genus Species Location Member Material Ecogroup Palaeoclimate requirements Notes Images

Baculatisporites[57]

  • Baculatisporites comaumensis
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Lowland and Riverside

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.

Extant Osmunda specimens; Baculatisporites probably come from similar genera or maybe a species from the genus

Biretisporites[55]

  • Biretisporites sp. A
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Lowland and Riverside

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Affinities with the Marattiaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Fern spores from low herbaceous flora.

Extant Marattia specimens; Marattisporites probably comes from similar genera

Cadargasporites[55]

  • Cadargasporites sp. cf. C. reticulatus
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Lowland and Riverside

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Uncertain affinity Fern Spores Filicopsida incertae sedis

Cladophlebis[57][58][59]

  • Cladophlebis grahami
  • Cladophlebis oblonga
  • Cañadon Asfalto
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Paso de Indios
  • Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Pinnae

Lowland and Riverside

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Plants of the family Osmundaceae.

Cladophlebis nebbensis - National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo - DSC07005.JPG

Clavatisporites[55]

  • Clavatisporites spp.
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Lowland and Riverside

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Filicopsida incertae sedis

Deltoidospora[55]

  • Deltoidospora australis
  • Deltoidospora minor
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Upland, Lowland and Riverside

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Affinities with the families Cyatheaceae/Dicksoniaceae Dipteridaceae/Matoniaceae in the Polypodiopsida.

Dictyophyllidites[55][57]

  • Dictyophyllidites harrisii
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Lowland and Riverside

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Gleichenites[59]

  • Gleichenites cf.taquetrensis
  • Paso de Indios
  • Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Pinnae

Lowland and Riverside

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Plants of the family Gleicheniales.

Ischyosporites[55]

  • Ischyosporites marburgensis
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Upland, Lowland Riverside

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Affinities with the family Lygodiaceae and Schizaeaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Climbing or herbaceous fern spores.

Extant Lygodium; Lygodioisporites probably comes from similar genera or maybe a species from the genus

Klukisporites[55]

  • Klukisporites lacunus
  • Klukisporites variegatus
  • Klukisporites sp. cf. K. scaberis
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Upland, Lowland Riverside

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Obtusisporis[55]

  • Obtusisporis modestus
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Lowland and Riverside

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Filicopsida incertae sedis

Rugulatisporites[57]

  • Rugulatisporites sp.
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Lowland and Riverside

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida.

Sphenopteris[57][58]

  • Sphenopteris patagonica
  • Sphenopteris hallei
  • Cañadon Asfalto
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Pinnae

Upland, Lowland and Riverside

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Plants of the group Sphenopteridae, whose affinity for mesozoic specimens is uncertain, yet has been suggested to be fronds of Dicksoniaceae affinity

Sphenopteris schumannii.jpg

Todisporites[57]

  • Todisporites minor
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Upland

Warm to temperate, relatively wet. Can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida.

Trilobosporites[55]

  • Trilobosporites sp.
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Upland, Lowland and Riverside

Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Affinities with the families Cyatheaceae/Dicksoniaceae Dipteridaceae/Matoniaceae in the Polypodiopsida.

Verrucosisporites[57]

  • Verrucosisporites varians
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Spores

Upland

Can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida.

Peltaspermales

Genus Species Location Member Material Ecogroup Palaeoclimate requirements Notes Images

Alisporites[55][57][7]

  • Alisporites similis
  • Alisporites lowoodensis
  • Alisporites spp.
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Cerro Bandera
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Pollen

Riverside

Warm, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Affinities with the families Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae or Umkomasiaceae in the Peltaspermales. Pollen of uncertain provenance that can be derived from any of the members of the Peltaspermales.

Antevsia[60]

Antevsia sp.

  • Pomelo locality
  • Las Chacritas Member

Pollen-bearing organs

Lowland and Riverside

Warm, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Plants of the group Peltaspermaceae.

Archangelskya[57][58][59]

Archangelskya furcata

  • Cañadon Asfalto
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Pinnae

Lowland and Riverside

Warm, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Plants of the group Pteridospermata

Lepidopteris[61][62]

Lepidopteris scassoi

  • Pomelo locality
  • A12 locality
  • Las Chacritas Member

Isolated Pinnae

Lowland and Riverside

Warm, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Plants of the group Peltaspermaceae. This species represents the youngest record of the genus, by more than 20 Myr.

Lepidopteris life restoration.jpg

Peltaspermum[59][61]

Peltaspermum sp.

  • Pomelo locality
  • A12 locality
  • Las Chacritas Member

Ovuliferous Cones

Lowland and Riverside

Warm, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Plants of the group Peltaspermaceae.

Peltaspermum monodiscum.jpg

Vitreisporites[55]

  • Vitreisporites pallidus
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Pollen

Riverside

Warm, relatively wet

From the family Caytoniaceae in the Caytoniales. Caytoniaceae are a complex group of Mesozoic fossil floras that may be related to both Peltaspermales and Ginkgoaceae.

Cycadeoidopsida

Genus Species Location Member Material Ecogroup Palaeoclimate requirements Notes Images

Zamites[59][61]

  • Zamites sp.
  • Pomelo locality
  • A12 locality
  • Las Chacritas Member

Leaflets

Lowland and Riverside

Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Affinities with Bennettitales inside Cycadeoidopsida.

Zamites feneonis 153 maf Orbagnoux - Ain.jpg

Czekanowskiales

Genus Species Location Member Material Ecogroup Palaeoclimate requirements Notes Images

Phoenicopsis[11][59]

  • Phoenicopsis sp.
  • Cañadon Asfalto
  • Las Chacritas Member

Pollen Organs

Lowland and Riverside

Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Plants of the group Leptostrobales (Czekanowskiales). Gingko-like taxa

Gnetopsida

Genus Species Location Member Material Ecogroup Palaeoclimate requirements Notes Images

Ephedripites[57][7]

  • Ephedripites spp.
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cerro Bandera
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Pollen

Lowland and Riverside

Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

A Pollen Grain, affinities with Ephedraceae inside Gnetopsida.

Extant Ephedra, typical example of Ephedraceae. Equisetosporites probably come from a similar or a related Plant

Coniferophyta

Genus Species Location Member Material Ecogroup Palaeoclimate requirements Notes Images

Araucariacites[55][57][7]

  • Araucariacites australis
  • Araucariacites fissus
  • Araucariacites pergranulatus
  • Araucariacites sp. cf. A. pergranulatus
  • Araucariacites sp. A
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Cerro Bandera
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Pollen

Upland, Lowland and Riverside

?Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Affinities with the family Araucariaceae in the Pinales. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.

Araucaritites[57][58][59]

  • Araucaritites chuchensis
  • Araucaritites spp.
  • Cañadon Asfalto
  • Pomelo locality
  • A12 locality
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Estancia La Vistosa
  • Paso de Indios
  • Las Chacritas Member

Ovuliferous scales

Upland, Lowland and Riverside

?Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Plants of the family Araucariaceae.

Athrotaxites[57][58][59]

  • Athrotaxites ungeri
  • Cañadon Asfalto
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Branched shoots

Upland

?Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Plants of the family Taxodiaceae

Austrohamia[59][63]

  • Austrohamia asfaltensis
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Branched shoots & Ovuliferous cones

Upland, Lowland and Riverside

?Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Plants of the family Cunninghamioideae. Along with the also Argentinian species A. minuta, this specimens represent the oldest fossil taxa that can be confidently assigned to Cupressaceae sensu lato

Brachyoxylon[59][64]

Brachyoxylon currumilii

  • Pomelo locality
  • Las Chacritas Member

Fossil Wood

Upland, Lowland and Riverside

?Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Plants of the family Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae

Brachyphyllum[57][58][59][61]

  • Brachyphyllum cf. lotenaense
  • Brachyphyllum spp.
  • Cañadon Asfalto
  • Pomelo locality
  • A12 locality
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Paso de Indios
  • Canela locality
  • Las Chacritas Member

Branched shoots & Ovuliferous cones

Upland, Lowland and Riverside

?Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Plants of the family Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae

Callialasporites[55][57][7]

  • Callialasporites dampieri
  • Callialasporites microvelatus
  • Callialasporites turbatus
  • Callialasporites minus
  • Callialasporites sp. 1
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Cerro Bandera
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Pollen

Upland, Lowland and Riverside

?Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Affinities with the family Araucariaceae in the Pinales. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.

Cerebropollenites[55][57][7]

  • Cerebropollenites macroverrucosus
  • Cerebropollenites carlylensis
  • Cerebropollenites mesozoicus
  • Cerebropollenites sp. 1
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Cerro Bandera
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Pollen

Upland, Lowland and Riverside

?Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Affinities with both Sciadopityaceae and Miroviaceae in the Pinopsida. This pollen's resemblance to extant Sciadopitys suggest that Miroviaceae may be an extinct lineage of Sciadopityaceae-like plants.[65]

Extant Sciadopitys. Cerebropollenites likely come from a related plant

Classopollis[55][57][7]

  • Classopollis classoides
  • Classopollis intrareticulatus
  • Classopollis simplex
  • Classopollis itunensis
  • Classopollis torosus
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Cerro Bandera
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Pollen

Lowland and Coastal lake

Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida. Classopollis is the most abundant component of the assemblage, with ranges from 73 to 81.6% to 89.6%-89.7% in some samples.[55]

Elatoclaudus[57][58][59]

  • Elatocladus confertus
  • Elatoclaudus jabalpurensis
  • Cañadon Asfalto
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Branched shoots

Upland and Lowland

Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Plants of the family Cupressaceae

Exesipollenites[57]

  • Exesipollenites sp.
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Pollen

Lowland and Coastal lake

Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida. Classopollis is the most abundant component of the assemblage, with ranges from 73 to 81.6% to 89.6%-89.7% in some samples.[55]

Indusiisporites[55]

  • Indusiisporites parvisaccatus
  • Indusiisporites sp. 1
  • Indusiisporites sp. 2
  • Indusiisporites sp. 3
  • Cañadón Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Pollen

Upland

Temperate, relatively dry

Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae. Pollen from diverse types of Podocarpaceous conifers, that include morphotypes similar to the low arbustive Microcachrys and the medium arbustive Lepidothamnus, likely linked with Upland settings

Inaperturopollenites[55]

  • Inaperturopollenites indicus
  • Inaperturopollenites giganteus
  • Inaperturopollenites microgranulatus
  • Inaperturopollenites cf. reidi
  • Inaperturopollenites sp. 1
  • Inaperturopollenites sp. 2
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Pollen

Upland, Lowland and Riverside

?Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Affinities with the family Araucariaceae in the Pinales. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.

Microcachryidites[57][7]

  • Microcachryidites castellanosii
  • Microcachryidites antarcticus
  • Cañadón Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Cerro Bandera
  • Las Chacritas Member
  • Puesto Almada Member

Pollen

Upland

Temperate, relatively dry

Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae. Pollen from Podocarpaceous conifers similar to the low arbustive Microcachrys

Extant Microcachrys Cone, example of the Podocarpaceae. Microcachryidites is similar to the pollen found on this genus

Pagiophyllum[57][58][59][61]

  • Pagiophyllum divaricatum
  • Pagiophyllum fiestmantelli
  • Cañadon Asfalto
  • Pomelo locality
  • A12 locality
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Paso de Indios
  • Canela locality
  • Las Chacritas Member

Branched shoots

Lowland and Coastal lake

Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Plants of the family Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae

Pelourdea[11][59]

  • Pelourdea sp.
  • Cañadon Asfalto
  • Las Chacritas Member

Pollen Organs

Lowland and Coastal lake

Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate

Incertae sedis inside Coniferales, suggested as a member of its own family, the "Pelourdeaceae". A hygrophytic riparian conifer with herbaceous or shrubby habit. Some specimens are difficult to identify.

Perinopollenites[57]

  • Perinopollenites elatoides
  • Cañadón Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Pollen

Upland and Lowland

Warm to temperate; seasonal climate

Affinities with the family Cupressaceae in the Pinopsida. Pollen that resembles that of extant genera such as the genus Actinostrobus and Austrocedrus, probably derived from Upland environments.

Extant Austrocedrus. Exesipollenites and Perinopollenites maybe come from a related plant

Phrixipollenites[57]

Phrixipollenites sp.

  • Cañadón Lahuincó
  • Las Chacritas Member

Pollen

Upland

Temperate, relatively dry

Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae.

Pinuspollenites[55]

  • Pinuspollenites globosaccus
  • Cañadon Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Pollen

Upland, Lowland and Riverside

?Warm to temperate, relatively wet

Affinities with the family Pinaceae in the Pinopsida. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.

Podocarpidites[55][57]

  • Podocarpidites verrucosus
  • Podocarpidites astrictus
  • Podocarpidites ellipticus
  • Podocarpidites multesimus
  • Podosporites variabilis
  • Podocarpidites sp. cf. P. radiatus
  • Podocarpidites sp. cf. P. verrucosus
  • Podosporites sp. 1
  • Cañadón Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Pollen

Upland

Temperate, relatively dry

Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae.

Extant Podocarpus Cone, example of the Podocarpaceae. Podocarpidites is similar to the pollen found on this genus

Podosporites[55]

  • Podosporites variabilis
  • Podosporites sp. 1
  • Cañadón Lahuincó
  • Cañadón Caracoles
  • Las Chacritas Member

Pollen

Upland

Temperate, relatively dry

See also

References

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  2. Gallego, O.F.; Cabaleri, N.G. (2005). "Conchóstracos de la Formación Cañadón Asfalto (Jurásico Medio – Superior): análisis preliminar de su distribución estratigráfica". Ameghiniana: II Simposio Argentino del Jurásico (Buenos Aires) 42 (2): 51. 
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Tasch, P.; Volkheimer, W. (1970). "Jurassic conchostracans from Patagonia". The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 50 (3): 24–48. https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/3693?show=full. Retrieved 29 July 2022. 
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Monferran, M. D.; Gallego, O. F.; Cabaleri, N. G. (2020). "Revision of Two Spinicaudatan Species from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Jurassic), Patagonia Argentina". Zoological Studies 59 (3): 112–123. doi:10.6620/ZS.2020.59-37. PMID 33262859. 
  5. Gallego, O.F.; Shen, Y.B.; Cabaleri, N.G.; Hernández, M. (2010). "The genus Congestheriella Kobayashi, 1954 ("Conchostraca", Diplostraca, Afrograptioidea): redescription and new combination to Isaura olsoni Bock from Venezuela and a new species from Argentina (Upper Jurassic)". Alavesia 3 (6): 11–24. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285785869. Retrieved 2022-07-29. 
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