Earth:List of cities by sunshine duration

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The following is a list of cities by sunshine duration. Sunshine duration is a climatological indicator, measuring duration of sunshine in given period (usually, a day or a year) for a given location on Earth, typically expressed as an averaged value over several years. It is a general indicator of cloudiness of a location, and thus differs from insolation, which measures the total energy delivered by sunlight over a given period.

Sunshine duration is usually expressed in hours per year, or in (average) hours per day. The first measure indicates the general sunniness of a location compared with other places, while the latter allows for comparison of sunshine in various seasons in the same location.[1] Another often-used measure is percentage ratio of recorded bright sunshine duration and daylight duration in the observed period.

An important use of sunshine duration data is to characterize the climate of sites, especially of health resorts. This also takes into account the psychological effect of strong solar light on human well-being. It is often used to promote tourist destinations.[1]

Africa

Sunshine hours for selected cities in Africa
Country City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Ref.
Ivory Coast Gagnoa [2]
Ivory Coast Bouaké [3]
Ivory Coast Abidjan [4]
Ivory Coast Odienné [5]
Ivory Coast Ferké [6]
Benin Cotonou [7]
Benin Parakou [8]
Benin Kandi [9]
Togo Lomé [10]
Togo Mango [11]
Ghana Accra [12]
Ghana Tamale [13]
Ghana Kumasi [14]
Cameroon Garoua [15]
Cameroon N'Gaoundéré [16]
Cameroon Douala [17]
Cameroon Yaoundé [18]
Gabon Libreville [19]
Gabon Port-Gentil [20]
Nigeria Lagos [21]
Nigeria Makurdi [22]
Nigeria Jos [22]
Nigeria Kano [22]
Nigeria Sokoto [22]
Sudan Port Sudan [23]
Sudan Khartoum [24]
Eritrea Asmara [25]
Burkina Faso Ouagadougou [26]
Burkina Faso Ouahigouya [27]
Niger Niamey [28]
Chad N'Djamena [29]
Chad Abéché [30]
Gambia Banjul [31]
Senegal Dakar [32]
Senegal Thiès [33]
Somalia Mogadishu [34]
Somalia Buloburde [35]
Djibouti Djibouti City [36]
Mali Ségou [37]
Mali Timbuktu [38]
Mali Bamako [39]
Algeria Algiers [40]
Algeria Tamanrasset [41]
Tunisia Tunis [42]
Tunisia Gabes [43]
Morocco Rabat [44]
Morocco Marrakech [45]
Morocco Ouarzazate [46]
Egypt Cairo [47]
Egypt Alexandria [47]
Egypt Helwan [47]
Libya Tripoli [48]
Libya Benghazi [49]
Kenya Mombasa [50]
Kenya Nairobi [51]
Kenya Garissa [52]
Kenya Lodwar [35]
Angola Luanda [22]
South Sudan Juba [47]
South Sudan Wau [47]
Tanzania Dar-es-Salaam [22]
Tanzania Zanzibar [53]
Tanzania Tabora [53]
Tanzania Dodoma [54]
Ethiopia Mekelle [55]
Ethiopia Addis Abeba [47]
Congo Brazaville [56]
Congo Pointe-Noire [57]
Congo Dolisie [58]
Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa [59]
Democratic Republic of the Congo Lubumbashi [22]
Mauritania Nouadhibou [60]
Mauritania Nouakchott [61]
South Africa Pretoria [62]
South Africa Cape Town [63]
South Africa Johannesburg [64]
South Africa Bloemfontein [65]
South Africa Upington [66]
South Africa Durban [67]
Botswana Maun [22]
Botswana Gaborone [68]
Botswana Ghanzi [22]
Zambia Ndola [69]
Zambia Lusaka [70]
Zambia Livingstone [71]
Zimbabwe Harare [72]
Zimbabwe Bulawayo [73]
Malawi Karonga [74]
Malawi Blantyre [75]
Malawi Mzuzu [76]
Madagascar Fianarantsoa [77]
Madagascar Toamasina [78]
Madagascar Antananarivo [79]
Madagascar Antsiranana [80]
Madagascar Mahajanga [81]
Madagascar Toliara [22]
Mozambique Maputo [82]
Central African Republic Bangui [83]
Central African Republic Birao [84]
Uganda Kampala [53]
Uganda Kampala [53]
Uganda Entebbe [22]
Burundi Bujumbura [85]
Guinea Conakry [86]
Guinea Kankan [87]
Guinea-Bissau Bissau [88]
Equatorial Guinea Bata [89]
Equatorial Guinea Malabo [90]
Egypt Marsa Alam ?
Egypt Kharga ?
Egypt Dakhla Oasis ?
Namibia Keetmanshoop ?
Namibia Windhoek ?

Asia

Sunshine hours for selected cities in Asia
Country City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Ref.
Afghanistan Kabul ?
Azerbaijan Baku ?
Bangladesh Dhaka ?
China Beijing ?
China Chongqing ?
China Lhasa [91]
China Shanghai ?
China Ürümqi [92]
Hong Kong Hong Kong ?
India Delhi [93]
India Kolkata [94]
India Mumbai [95]
Indonesia Jakarta [96]
Iran Tehran [97]
Iraq Baghdad ?
Israel Tel Aviv ?
Japan Sapporo [98]
Japan Tokyo ?
Kazakhstan Almaty [99]
Kazakhstan Astana [100]
Macau Macau ?
Mongolia Ulaanbaatar [101]
North Korea Pyongyang ?
Oman Muscat [102]
Pakistan Karachi ?
Pakistan Lahore ?
Philippines Manila ?
Russia Dikson [103]
Russia Irkutsk [104]
Russia Omsk [105]
Russia Petropavlovsk-
Kamchatsky 		[106]
Russia Vladivostok [107]
Russia Yakutsk [108]
Saudi Arabia Abha [109]
Saudi Arabia Riyadh [110]
Singapore Singapore ?
South Korea Busan ?
South Korea Seoul ?
Taiwan Kaohsiung ?
Taiwan Taichung ?
Taiwan Taipei ?
Thailand Bangkok ?
Turkey Ankara ?
United Arab
Emirates 		Dubai ?
Uzbekistan Tashkent [111]
Vietnam Hanoi ?

Europe

Sunshine hours for selected cities in Europe
Country City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Ref.
Austria Vienna [112]
Belgium Brussels [113]
Bulgaria Sofia [114]
Croatia Zagreb [115]
Czech Republic Prague [116]
Cyprus Nicosia [117]
Denmark Copenhagen [118]
Faroe Islands Tórshavn [119]
Finland Helsinki [120]
France Marseille [121]
France Paris [122]
Germany Berlin [123]
Germany Frankfurt [123]
Greece Athens [124]
Hungary Budapest [125]
Iceland Reykjavik [126]
Ireland Dublin [127]
Italy Milan [128]
Italy Rome [129]
Malta Malta [130]
Netherlands Amsterdam [131]
Norway Oslo [132]
Poland Warsaw [133]
Portugal Lisbon [134]
Romania Bucharest [135]
Russia Moscow [136]
Russia Sochi [137]
Serbia Belgrade [138]
Spain Barcelona [139]
Spain Madrid [139]
Sweden Gothenburg [140]
Sweden Stockholm [141]
Switzerland Zurich [142]
Turkey Istanbul [143]
Ukraine Kiev [144]
United Kingdom Edinburgh [145]
United Kingdom London [146]

North and Central America

Sunshine hours for selected cities in North America and Central America
Country City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Ref.
Canada Calgary [147]
Canada Churchill [148]
Canada Edmonton [149]
Canada Iqaluit [150]
Canada Montreal [151]
Canada Toronto [152]
Canada Vancouver [153]
Canada Whitehorse [154]
Canada Winnipeg [155]
Honduras La Ceiba [156]
Mexico La Paz [157]
Mexico Mexico City [158]
Mexico Monterrey [159]
Mexico Villahermosa [160]
Nicaragua Managua [161]
Panama Panama City [162]
Puerto Rico San Juan [163]
El Salvador San Salvador [164]
Saint Pierre
and Miquelon 		Saint-Pierre [165]
United States Albuquerque ?
United States Anchorage ?
United States Atlanta ?
United States Austin ?
United States Baltimore ?
United States Boise ?
United States Boston ?
United States Charlotte ?
United States Chicago ?
United States Cleveland ?
United States Columbus ?
United States Dallas ?
United States Denver ?
United States Detroit ?
United States El Paso ?
United States Fresno ?
United States Honolulu ?
United States Houston ?
United States Indianapolis ?
United States Jacksonville ?
United States Kansas City ?
United States Las Vegas ?
United States Los Angeles ?
United States Louisville ?
United States Memphis ?
United States Miami ?
United States Milwaukee ?
United States Minneapolis ?
United States Nashville ?
United States New Orleans ?
United States New York City ?
United States Oklahoma
City 		?
United States Omaha ?
United States Philadelphia ?
United States Phoenix ?
United States Pittsburgh ?
United States Portland (OR) ?
United States Raleigh ?
United States Richmond (VA) ?
United States Sacramento ?
United States Salt Lake City ?
United States San Antonio ?
United States San Diego ?
United States San Francisco ?
United States Seattle ?
United States St. Louis ?
United States Tampa ?
United States Tucson ?
United States Tulsa ?
United States Virginia Beach ?
United States Washington,
D.C. 		?
United States Wichita ?
United States Yuma [166]

South America

Sunshine hours for selected cities in South America
Country City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Ref.
Argentina Buenos Aires ?
Argentina Ushuaia ?
Argentina Mendoza ?
Argentina La Plata [167]
Bolivia La Paz ?
Brazil São Paulo ?
Brazil Brasília ?
Brazil Rio de Janeiro ?
Brazil Fortaleza ?
Brazil Manaus ?
Brazil Curitiba ?
Colombia Bogotá ?
Colombia Barranquilla ?
Colombia Medellín [168]
Colombia Cali [169]
Colombia Buenaventura [170]
Colombia Totoró [171]
Chile Santiago ?
Chile Antofagasta ?
Chile Valdivia ?
Chile Puerto Montt [172]
Chile Calama [173]
Ecuador Quito ?
Ecuador Guayaquil ?
Falkland Islands Stanley ?
French Guiana Cayenne ?
Paraguay Asunción ?
Peru Arequipa ?
Peru Lima ?
Peru Iquitos [174]
Uruguay Montevideo ?
Venezuela Caracas ?
Venezuela Maracaibo ?

Oceania

Sunshine hours for selected cities in Oceania
Country City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Ref.
Australia Adelaide ?
Australia Brisbane ?
Australia Canberra ?
Australia Darwin ?
Australia Hobart ?
Australia Melbourne ?
Australia Perth ?
Australia Sydney ?
New Zealand Auckland ?
New Zealand Christchurch ?
New Zealand Wellington ?

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "8. Measurement of Sunshine Duration", Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation, WMO, 2008, archived from the original on 2013-02-03, https://www.webcitation.org/6E9CzPWoA?url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/documents/gruanmanuals/CIMO/CIMO_Guide-7th_Edition-2008.pdf 
  2. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  3. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  4. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  5. ↑ "Odienné–Aero Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/IV/65528.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  6. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  7. ↑ "Cotonou, Benin Climate Normals 1961-1990". WMO. ftp://dossier.ogp.noaa.gov/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/B3/65344.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  8. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  9. ↑ "KANDI Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/B3/65306.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  10. ↑ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Lome, Togo". Climatemps. http://www.lome.climatemps.com/sunlight.php. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  11. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  12. ↑ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Accra, Ghana". Clima Temps. http://www.accra.climatemps.com/sunlight.php. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  13. ↑ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Tamale, Ghana". Clima Temps. http://www.tamale.climatemps.com/sunlight.php. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  14. ↑ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Kumasi, Ghana". Clima Temps. http://www.kumasi.climatemps.com/sunlight.php. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  15. ↑ "Garoua Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64860.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  16. ↑ "Ngaoundéré Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64870.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  17. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  18. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  19. ↑ "Libreville Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/GN/64500.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  20. ↑ "Port-Gentil Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/GN/64501.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  21. ↑ "Climatological Information for Lagos, Nigeria". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/nig_cam/lagos_e.htm. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 "Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations". Google Books. https://books.google.fr/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244&dq=Tamale+Ghana+sunshine&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy5_estInKAhWLOxoKHWauBp0Q6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=Tamale%20Ghana%20sunshine&f=false. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  23. ↑ "Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations". Google Books. https://books.google.fr/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244&dq=Tamale+Ghana+sunshine&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy5_estInKAhWLOxoKHWauBp0Q6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=Sudan&f=false. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  24. ↑ "Khartoum Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/SU/62721.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  25. ↑ "Sunshine guide to Asmara and the Eritrea, Highlands , Eritrea". short.climates.com. http://short.climates.com/AFRICA/PDF/ERT01AFR.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  26. ↑ "Klimatafel von Ouagadougou / Burkina Faso (Obervolta)". Deutscher Wetterdienst. http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_655030_kt.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  27. ↑ "Klimatafel von Ouahigouya / Burkina Faso (Obervolta)". Deutscher Wetterdienst. http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_655020_kt.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  28. ↑ "Climatological Normals of Niamey". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/nig_cam/niamey_e.htm. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  29. ↑ "ND'Jamena Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/TE/64700.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  30. ↑ "Abeche Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/TE/64756.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  31. ↑ "Average Conditions Banjul, Gambia". BBC Weather. http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/2413876. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  32. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  33. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  34. ↑ "Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations". Google Books. https://books.google.fr/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244&dq=Tamale+Ghana+sunshine&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy5_estInKAhWLOxoKHWauBp0Q6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=Mogadisho&f=false. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "World Survey of Climatology: Climates of Africa". Google Books. https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&id=JzZRAAAAMAAJ&dq=Lodwar+hours+of+sunshine+3%2C582&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=3%2C582. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  36. ↑ "Djibouti Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/D1/63125.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  37. ↑ "Mean monthly sunshine duration (in/month, 1961-1970) in Mali (Direction Nationale de la Meteorologie, Bamako, Mali)". Humanity Development Library. http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=hdl&cl=CL1.16&d=HASH01a95a8eb2b274269414f63d.4.2. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  38. ↑ "Mean monthly sunshine duration (in/month, 1961-1970) in Mali (Direction Nationale de la Meteorologie, Bamako, Mali)". Humanity Development Library. http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=hdl&cl=CL1.16&d=HASH01a95a8eb2b274269414f63d.4.2. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  39. ↑ "BKO–s (Bamako) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/M1/61291.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  40. ↑ "Algeriet – Alger/Dar-El-Beida". Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130116071752/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  41. ↑ "Sahara Desert". Google Books. https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&id=1tJOAQAAIAAJ&dq=Tamanrasset+sunshine+hours&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=10.6. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  42. ↑ "Climatological Information for Tunis, Tunisia". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/mor_al/tunis_e.htm. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  43. ↑ ""Gabès Climate Normals 1961–1990"". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/TS/60765.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  44. ↑ "Climatological Information for Rabat, Morocco". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/mor_al/rabat_e.htm. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  45. ↑ "Marrakech (Marrakesh) Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/FM/60230.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  46. ↑ "Ouarzazate Climate Normals 1961–1990"". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/FM/60265.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 47.5 "Hydrology of the Nile Basin". Google Books. https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRM7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA87&dq=Helwan+sunshine+hours&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjex8GE7PLKAhXMVRoKHaqcB6c4ChDoAQgiMAE#v=onepage&q=Helwan%20sunshine%20hours&f=false. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  48. ↑ "Libyen – Tripoli". Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on April 27, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  49. ↑ "Wetter im Detail: Klimadaten". WetterKontor, via Spiegel Online. http://wetter.spiegel.de/spiegel/klima.php?r=afrika&land=LY&stat=62053. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  50. ↑ "Climatological Information for Mombase, Kenya". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/ken_madg/mombase_e.htm. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  51. ↑ "WMO Climate Normals for DAGORETTI 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KN/63741.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  52. ↑ "Garissa Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KN/63723.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 "The climates of the continents". Google Books. https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&id=RytOAQAAIAAJ&dq=Zanzibar+sunshine+hours&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=2.933. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  54. ↑ "Klimatafel von Dodoma / Tansania". Deutscher Wetterdienst. http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_638620_kt.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  55. ↑ "Surface Waters Potential of the Hantebet Basin, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia". Nata Tadesse. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/10575/LW%2005%20010%20Tadasse%20final%2016April2006.pdf?sequence=1. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  56. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  57. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  58. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  59. ↑ "Average Conditions Kinshasa, Congo Democratic Republic". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/2314302. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  60. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
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  64. ↑ "Johannesburg Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/UA/68368.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  65. ↑ "Bloemfontein Climate Normals 1961−1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/UA/68442.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  66. ↑ "Upington Climate Normals 1961−1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/UA/68424.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  67. ↑ "Durban Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/UA/68588.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  68. ↑ "Sunshine guide to the Gaborone area, Botswana". short.climates.com. http://short.climates.com/AFRICA/PDF/BOT01AFR.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  69. ↑ "Ndola MET Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/ZA/67561.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
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  71. ↑ "Livingstone MET Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/ZA/67743.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  72. ↑ "Harare Kutsaga Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/ZI/67775.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  73. ↑ "Bulawayo Airport Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/ZI/67965.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  74. ↑ "Karonga Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MW/67423.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  75. ↑ "Chileka Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MW/67693.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  76. ↑ "Climatological Information for Mzuzu, Malawi". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/ken_madg/mzuzu_e.htm. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  77. ↑ "Fianarantsoa Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MG/67137.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  78. ↑ "Tamatave/Toamasina Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MG/67095.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  79. ↑ "Antananarivo Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MG/67083.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  80. ↑ "Diego–Suarez/Antsir (Antsiranana) Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MG/67009.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  81. ↑ "Majunga/Mahajanga Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MG/67027.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  82. ↑ "Average Conditions Maputo, Mozambique". BBC Weather. http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/1040652. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  83. ↑ "BBC Weather - Bangui". BBC Weather. http://news.bbc.co.uk/weather/forecast/567. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  84. ↑ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Birao, Central African Republic". Climatemps. http://www.birao.climatemps.com/sunlight.php. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  85. ↑ "Klimatafel von Bujumbura (Usambara) / Burundi". Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_643900_kt.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  86. ↑ "Conakry Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/GW/61832.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  87. ↑ "Kankan Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/GW/61829.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  88. ↑ "Bissau Climate Guide". Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. http://www.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gu-bissa.htm. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  89. ↑ "Klimatafel von Bata / Insel Mbini / Äquatorial-Guinea". Deutscher Wetterdienst. http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_648200_kt.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  90. ↑ "Malabo, Equatorial Guinea". Climate & Temperature. http://www.equatorial-guinea.climatemps.com/. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
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  97. ↑ I.R. OF IRAN SHAHREKORD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (IN PERSIAN). 1988–2010
  98. ↑ 平年値（年・月ごとの値） (in Japanese)
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  101. ↑ "Ulaanbaatar Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/MO/44292.TXT. Retrieved January 4, 2015. 
  102. ↑ "Seeb Climate Normals". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/OM/41256.TXT. Retrieved 7 February 2016. 
  103. ↑ "Climatological Information for Dikson, Russia". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/russia/dikson_e.htm. Retrieved August 31, 2011. 
  104. ↑ "Irkutsk Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/RA/30710.TXT. Retrieved 7 February 2016. 
  105. ↑ "Omsk Climate Normals 1961–1990". Clima Temps. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/RA/28698.TXT. Retrieved 7 February 2016. 
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  108. ↑ "Climatological Normals of Jakutsk". http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/russia/jakutsk_e.htm. 
  109. ↑ "Klimatafel von Abha, Saudi-Arabien" (in German). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world. Deutscher Wetterdienst. http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_411120_kt.pdf. 
  110. ↑ "Surface annual climatological report". PME. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041500/http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Riyadh-Air-Base.RTF. 
  111. ↑ "Climatological Normals of Tashkent". Hong Kong Observatory. August 2010. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/westasia/tashkent_e.htm. Retrieved 7 February 2016. 
  112. ↑ "Klimadaten von Österreich 1971–2000 – Wien-Innere-Stadt" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. http://www.zamg.ac.at/fix/klima/oe71-00/klima2000/klimadaten_oesterreich_1971_frame1.htm. Retrieved 16 February 2015. 
  113. ↑ "Monthly normals for Uccle, Brussels". KMI/IRM. http://www.meteo.be/meteo/view/fr/360361-Parametres.html. Retrieved 11 June 2012. 
  114. ↑ "Месечни обобщения за времето в страната - данни от ECA&D, станция [София, период [1981-2010]"]. Stringmeteo.com. http://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent2.php?year=2010&month=12&stat=2064&sty=1981&endy=2010&tem_in=on&tmi_in=on&tma_in=on&prm_in=on&ssh_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98. Retrieved 31 March 2015. 
  115. ↑ "World Weather Information Service". UN. July 2011. http://worldweather.wmo.int/019/c00070.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-01. 
  116. ↑ "Praha Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/CZ/11518.TXT. Retrieved 28 February 2013. 
  117. ↑ "Climatological Data 1991 - 2005". Meteorological Service (Cyprus). http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/MS/MS.nsf/All/2A290F3CE3B22360C22576C80036B9D8/$file/Climatological%20Data_1991_2005_Athalassa_UK.pdf?Openelement. Retrieved 16 August 2018. 
  118. ↑ "Average Conditions Copenhagen, Denmark". BBC Weather. http://www.bbc.com/weather/2618425. Retrieved February 6, 2015. 
  119. ↑ TORSHAVN Climate Normals 1961-1990. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
  120. ↑ "Normal period 1981-2010". Finnish Meteorological Institute. http://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/normal-period-1981-2010. Retrieved 2015-03-09. 
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  124. ↑ "Weather Information for Athens". http://www.worldweather.org/063/c00177.htm. 
  125. ↑ "Monthly Averages for Budapest, Hungary (based on data from 1970–2010)". Hungarian Meteorological Service. http://met.hu/eghajlat/magyarorszag_eghajlata/varosok_jellemzoi/Budapest. 
  126. ↑ "Iceland Met office: Monthly Averages for Reykjavik". Iceland Met Office. 2012. http://www.vedur.is/Medaltalstoflur-txt/Stod_001_Reykjavik.ManMedal.txt. Retrieved 4 January 2013. 
  127. ↑ "Climatological Information for Merrion Square, Ireland". European Climate Assessment & Dataset. http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php#bottom. 
  128. ↑ "Milano/Linate (MI)". Servizio Meteorologico. http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClim2/pdf/(080)Milano%20Linate.pdf. Retrieved 11 December 2014. 
  129. ↑ "Visualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Roma Ciampino". http://clima.meteoam.it/web_clima_sysman/Clino6190/CLINO239.txt. Retrieved 13 June 2011. 
  130. ↑ "Malta's Climate". maltaweather.com (Meteo Malta & MaltaMedia). Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150806124550/http://www.maltaweather.com/information/maltas-climate/. Retrieved 4 March 2015. 
  131. ↑ "Klimaattabel Schiphol, langjarige gemiddelden, tijdvak 1981–2010" (in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. http://www.klimaatatlas.nl/tabel/stationsdata/klimtab_8110_240.pdf. Retrieved 9 September 2013. 
  132. ↑ "Minifacts about Norway 2013: Geography, climate and environment". Statistics Norway. March 2013. http://www.ssb.no/a/english/minifakta/en/main_02.html. Retrieved 25 September 2013. 
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  134. ↑ "Climatological Information for Lisbon, Portugal". HKO. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/sp_po/lisbon_e.htm. Retrieved 4 March 2015. 
  135. ↑ "Climatological Information for Bucharest, Romania". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/ukr_lith/bucharest_e.htm. Retrieved 31 October 2012. 
  136. ↑ "Average monthly Sunshine hours" (in Russian). Meteoweb.ru. http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-7.php. Retrieved 2011-01-12. 
  137. ↑ "Climatological Information for Soczi, Russia". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/russia/soci_e.htm. 
  138. ↑ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1981 - 2010-Belgrade" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/eng/meteorologija/stanica_sr.php?moss_id=13274. Retrieved 8 September 2012. 
  139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 "Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010)". Archived from the original on 2012-11-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20121118081428/http://www.aemet.es/en/conocermas/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010. 
  140. ↑ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Gothenburg, Sweden". http://www.gothenburg.climatemps.com/sunlight.php. Retrieved 2017-01-25. 
  141. ↑ "Sunshine Hours of Stockholm". Sveriges Meteorologiska och Hydrologiska Institut. http://data.smhi.se/met/climate/time_series/year/vov_pdf/SMHI_vov_precipitation_sunshine_11.pdf. Retrieved 2012-03-19. 
  142. ↑ "Climate Normals Zurich/Kolten 1981–2010". Climate diagrams and normals from Swiss measuring stations. Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss). http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/KLO/climsheet_KLO_np8110_e.pdf. Retrieved 6 January 2015. 
  143. ↑ "Resmi İstatistikler (İl ve İlçelerimize Ait İstatistiki Veriler)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131103153244/http://www.dmi.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=ISTANBUL. Retrieved 3 December 2014. 
  144. ↑ "Average Conditions - Kiev". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/703448. Retrieved 3 July 2012. 
  145. ↑ "Mean Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh Climatic Averages 1981–2010". Met Office. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/royal-botanic-gardens-edinburgh#?tab=climateTables. Retrieved 22 December 2012. 
  146. ↑ "London Heathrow Airport". Met Office. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpsvf37b. Retrieved 17 September 2014. 
  147. ↑ "Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data". Environment Canada. http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=2205&lang=e&dCode=1&province=ALTA&provBut=Go&month1=0&month2=12. 
  148. ↑ "Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data". Environment Canada. http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=3871&lang=e&dCode=0&province=MAN&provBut=Go&month1=0&month2=12. Retrieved 14 February 2016. 
  149. ↑ "Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data". Environment Canada. http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=1867&lang=e&dCode=&province=ALTA&provBut=Go&month1=0&month2=12. Retrieved 14 February 2016. 
  150. ↑ "Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data". Environment Canada. http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=1758&lang=e&dCode=&province=NU&provBut=Go&month1=0&month2=12. Retrieved 13 February 2016. 
  151. ↑ "Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data". Environment Canada. http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=5415&lang=e&dCode=1&province=QUE&provBut=Go&month1=0&month2=12. Retrieved 7 May 2015. 
  152. ↑ "Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data". Environment Canada. http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=5051&lang=e&StationName=toronto&SearchType=Contains&stnNameSubmit=go&dCode=0. Retrieved February 5, 2016. 
  153. ↑ "Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data". Environment Canada. http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=889&lang=e&StationName=van&SearchType=Contains&stnNameSubmit=go&dCode=1. Retrieved February 5, 2016. 
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  156. ↑ "Klimatafel von La Ceiba, Bez. Atlántida / Honduras" (in German). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world. Deutscher Wetterdienst. http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_787050_kt.pdf. Retrieved January 24, 2016. 
  157. ↑ "Station 76405 La Paz, BCS.". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt. Retrieved 3 May 2015. 
  158. ↑ "NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981–2000" (in Spanish). Comision Nacional Del Agua. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130116054428/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/tacubaya.pdf. Retrieved January 5, 2013. 
  159. ↑ "Station 76393: Monterrey". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt. Retrieved 4 May 2015. 
  160. ↑ "Station 76743 Villahermosa, TAB.". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt. Retrieved 7 May 2015. 
  161. ↑ "Wetter im Detail: Klimadaten" (in German). http://wetter.spiegel.de/spiegel/klima.php?r=mittelamerika&land=NI&stat=78741. Retrieved July 19, 2012. 
  162. ↑ "Datos Históricos : Estación Albrook Field" (in Spanish). Empresa de Transmision Electrica S.A. http://www.hidromet.com.pa/clima_historicos.php. Retrieved April 10, 2013. 
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  165. ↑ ‘Données climatiques de la station à Saint Pierre’ (in French)
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  167. ↑ "La Plata AERO Climate Normals 1961–1990". ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REGIII/AG/87593.TXT. Retrieved 29 March 2015. 
  168. ↑ "CARTAS CLIMATOLÓGICAS - MEDIAS MENSUALES AEROPUERTO OLAYA HERRERA (Medellín)". http://bart.ideam.gov.co/cliciu/mede/tabla.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2018. 
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  173. ↑ "Tabla 4.6: Medias mensuales de horas de sol diarias extraídas del WRDC ruso (en (hrs./dia))". https://www.u-cursos.cl/ingenieria/2008/2/ME716/1/material_docente/bajar?id_material=201902. Retrieved 21 July 2015. 
  174. ↑ "Iquitos Climate Guide". http://www.shootingonlocation.com/filmlocations/peru/iquitos/iquitos-climateguide.php. Retrieved 2 September 2012. 




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