Earth:List of Northern Cordilleran volcanoes

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Map of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province and location of nearby fault zones. The volcanoes fall into the region between the two faults.
Minor and major volcanoes of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, including the Queen Charlotte, Denali and Tintina fault zones

The geography of northwestern British Columbia and Yukon, Canada is dominated by volcanoes of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province formed due to continental rifting of the North American Plate. It is the most active volcanic region in Canada.[1] Some of the volcanoes are notable for their eruptions, for instance, Tseax Cone for its catastrophic eruption estimated to have occurred in the 18th century which was responsible for the death of at least 2,000 Nisga'a people from poisonous volcanic gases,[2] the Mount Edziza volcanic complex for at least 20 eruptions throughout the past 10,000 years, and The Volcano (also known as Lava Fork volcano) for the most recent eruption in Canada during 1904.[3] The majority of volcanoes in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province lie in Canada while a very small portion of the volcanic province lies in the U.S. state of Alaska.

Volcanoes of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province are a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. The largest and most persistent volcanoes are the Mount Edziza volcanic complex and Level Mountain in northwestern British Columbia which have had volcanic activity for millions of years. In the past 7.5 million years, the Mount Edziza volcanic complex has had five phases of volcanic activity while Level Mountain north of Edziza has had three phases of volcanic activity in the past 14.9 million years.[4] The 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) Mount Edziza volcanic complex has been made into a provincial park since 1972 to protect its volcanic landscape. The 102 Northern Cordilleran volcanoes in the list below are grouped into their political regions in north–south order.

Scope

There is no single standard definition for a volcano. It can be defined from individual vents, volcanic edifices or volcanic fields. Interior of ancient volcanoes may have been eroded, creating a new subsurface magma chamber as a separate volcano. Many contemporary volcanoes rise as young parasitic cones from flank vents or at a central crater. Some volcanoes are grouped into one volcano name, for instance, the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, although individual vents are named by local people. The status of a volcano, either active, dormant or extinct, cannot be defined precisely. An indication of a volcano is determined by either its historical records, potassium-argon dating, radiocarbon dating, or geothermal activities.

The primary source of the list below is taken from the Geological Survey of Canada website, compiled by the Earth Sciences Sector of Natural Resources Canada, in which Northern Cordilleran volcanoes in the past 66.4 million years are listed.[5] The Geological Survey of Canada use a catalogue of volcanoes grouped by volcano fields, lava fields and mountain ranges.[5] The Geological Survey of Canada list is the most complete list of volcanoes in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, but work of understanding the frequency and eruption characteristics at volcanoes in Canada is a slow process.[6] This is because most of Canada's dormant and potentially active volcanoes are located in isolated jagged regions, very few scientists study Canadian volcanoes and the provision of money in the Canadian government is limited.[6] Because of these issues, scientists that study Canada's volcanoes have a basic understanding of Canada's volcanic heritage and how it might impact people in the future.[6] Therefore, instead of using the dates of recorded eruptions, the Geological Survey of Canada mostly uses geological epochs for estimating when a volcano last erupted. Geological epoches include the Cenozoic (66.4 million years ago to present)[7] and its subdivisions Miocene (23.7 to 5.3 million years ago),[8] Pliocene (5.3 to 1.6 million years ago),[9] Quaternary (1.6 million years ago to present),[10] Pleistocene (1.6 to 0.01 million years ago)[11] and Holocene (0.01 million years ago to present).[12]

Political groups

Alaska

The northernmost portion of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province extends just across the Alaska-Yukon border into the Southeast Fairbanks Census Area of eastcentral Alaska. Here, a single cinder cone, dated at 177,000 years old occurs within the metamorphic and granitic composed upland of the Yukon–Tanana Terrane.[4][13] Prindle Volcano is approximately 31 km (19 mi) west of the Alaska-Yukon border.[4]

Volcanoes
Name Type Last eruption Location
Prindle Volcano Cinder cone Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 63°43′N 141°37′W / 63.72°N 141.62°W / 63.72; -141.62

Yukon

Jagged landscape of mountains with a small lake in the near middle.
Alligator Lake (right-middle) and the Alligator Lake volcanic field

The central portion of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province extends through Yukon where very few Northern Cordilleran volcanoes exist. Near the junction of the Yukon and Pelly rivers in central Yukon lies the Fort Selkirk Volcanic Field.[14] It is the northernmost Holocene age volcanic field in Canada, consisting of a sequence of valley-filling basalt and basanite lava flows.[14] Further south near the capital city of Whitehorse, a group of volcanoes and lava flows were constructed near Alligator Lake possibly in the past 10,000 years.[15]

Volcanoes
Name Type Last eruption Location
Volcano Mountain Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 62°56′N 137°22′W / 62.93°N 137.37°W / 62.93; -137.37
Fort Selkirk Vent Cinder cone Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 62°46′N 137°25′W / 62.77°N 137.42°W / 62.77; -137.42
Ne Ch'e Ddhawa Cinder cone Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 62°28′N 137°14′W / 62.47°N 137.24°W / 62.47; -137.24
Ibex Mountain Cinder cone Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 60°32′N 135°31′W / 60.53°N 135.52°W / 60.53; -135.52
Watson Lake Cone Cinder cone Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 60°00′N 129°00′W / 60.00°N 129.00°W / 60.00; -129.00
Erupted products
Name Type Age Location
Clinton Creek Lava flow Pliocene [ ⚑ ] 64°24′N 140°38′W / 64.40°N 140.63°W / 64.40; -140.63
Forty Mile Unknown Miocene [ ⚑ ] 64°23′N 140°30′W / 64.38°N 140.5°W / 64.38; -140.5
Moose Creek Unknown Cenozoic [ ⚑ ] 64°10′N 140°55′W / 64.16°N 140.91°W / 64.16; -140.91
Sixty Mile Unknown Miocene [ ⚑ ] 64°03′N 140°44′W / 64.05°N 140.74°W / 64.05; -140.74
Rosebud Creek Lava flow Pliocene [ ⚑ ] 63°15′N 138°14′W / 63.25°N 138.24°W / 63.25; -138.24
Yukon River Lava flow Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 62°50′N 137°42′W / 62.83°N 137.7°W / 62.83; -137.7
Holbrook Creek Lava flow Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 62°48′N 137°59′W / 62.80°N 137.98°W / 62.80; -137.98
Mushroom Lava flow Pliocene [ ⚑ ] 62°48′N 137°27′W / 62.80°N 137.45°W / 62.80; -137.45
Pelly Formation Lava flow Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 62°48′N 137°30′W / 62.80°N 137.5°W / 62.80; -137.5
Wolverine Formation Lava flow Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 62°42′N 137°24′W / 62.70°N 137.4°W / 62.70; -137.4
Minto Lava flow Holocene [ ⚑ ] 62°36′N 137°12′W / 62.60°N 137.2°W / 62.60; -137.2
Miles Canyon Basalts Lava flow Miocene [ ⚑ ] 60°24′N 135°00′W / 60.40°N 135.00°W / 60.40; -135.00

British Columbia

Over half of the Northern Cordilleran volcanoes are located in northwestern British Columbia. This portion is where the most recent eruptions in Canada and of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province have occurred, including the catastrophic 18th century eruption of Tseax Cone and the 1904 eruption of The Volcano.[3][16]

The Northern Cordilleran volcanoes of British Columbia comprises shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, subglacial volcanoes, lava domes and a large number of small cinder cones and associated lava plains.[4] The Northern Cordilleran volcanoes of northwestern British Columbia are disposed along short, northerly trending segments which are unmistakably involved with north-trending rift structures including synvolcanic grabens and grabens with one major fault line along only one of the boundaries (half-grabens) similar to those associated with the East African Rift, which extends from the Afar Triple Junction southward across eastern Africa.[4]

Volcanoes
Name Type Last eruption Location
Volcanic Creek Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 59°45′N 133°27′W / 59.75°N 133.45°W / 59.75; -133.45
Cracker Creek Cone Cinder cone Quaternary [ ⚑ ] 59°42′N 133°17′W / 59.70°N 133.29°W / 59.70; -133.29
Ruby Mountain Cinder cone Historic [ ⚑ ] 59°41′N 123°20′W / 59.68°N 123.33°W / 59.68; -123.33
Iverson Creek Volcano Outcrop Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 59°30′N 130°17′W / 59.50°N 130.28°W / 59.50; -130.28
Toozaza Peak Tuya Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 59°30′N 130°18′W / 59.50°N 130.3°W / 59.50; -130.3
Klinkit Lake Peak Tuya Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 59°29′N 131°00′W / 59.49°N 131.00°W / 59.49; -131.00
Klinkit Creek Peak Tuya Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 59°28′N 131°17′W / 59.47°N 131.28°W / 59.47; -131.28
Gabrielse Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 59°26′N 130°28′W / 59.44°N 130.46°W / 59.44; -130.46
Mount Sanford Outcrop Cenozoic [ ⚑ ] 59°25′N 132°45′W / 59.42°N 132.75°W / 59.42; -132.75
Cottonwood Peak Outcrop Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 59°24′N 130°15′W / 59.40°N 130.25°W / 59.40; -130.25
Ash Mountain Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 59°16′N 130°30′W / 59.27°N 130.5°W / 59.27; -130.5
Chakatah Creek Peak Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 59°15′N 131°02′W / 59.25°N 131.03°W / 59.25; -131.03
Caribou Tuya Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 59°14′N 130°34′W / 59.24°N 130.56°W / 59.24; -130.56
South Tuya Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 59°13′N 130°30′W / 59.21°N 130.5°W / 59.21; -130.5
Mathews Tuya Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 59°12′N 130°26′W / 59.20°N 130.43°W / 59.20; -130.43
Tuya Butte Tuya Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 59°08′N 130°33′W / 59.13°N 130.55°W / 59.13; -130.55
Isspah Butte Tuya Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 59°04′N 131°19′W / 59.07°N 131.32°W / 59.07; -131.32
Mount Josephine Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 59°36′N 130°42′W / 59.6°N 130.7°W / 59.6; -130.7
Chikoida Mountain Outcrop Cenozoic [ ⚑ ] 59°12′N 133°24′W / 59.2°N 133.4°W / 59.2; -133.4
Meehaz Mountain Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 59°00′N 131°26′W / 59.00°N 131.44°W / 59.00; -131.44
Kawdy Mountain Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 58°53′N 131°14′W / 58.88°N 131.23°W / 58.88; -131.23
Nuthinaw Mountain Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 58°47′N 131°04′W / 58.79°N 131.06°W / 58.79; -131.06
Tutsingale Mountain Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 58°47′N 130°52′W / 58.78°N 130.87°W / 58.78; -130.87
Dark Mountain Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 58°38′N 129°21′W / 58.64°N 129.35°W / 58.64; -129.35
Heart Peaks Shield volcano Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 58°36′N 131°58′W / 58.60°N 131.97°W / 58.60; -131.97
Swinton Creek Volcano Outcrop Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 58°34′N 129°50′W / 58.57°N 129.84°W / 58.57; -129.84
Little Eagle Cone Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 58°31′N 129°43′W / 58.52°N 129.71°W / 58.52; -129.71
Meszah Peak Outcrop Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 58°29′N 131°26′W / 58.48°N 131.43°W / 58.48; -131.43
Dome Mountain Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 58°27′N 129°35′W / 58.45°N 129.59°W / 58.45; -129.59
Level Mountain Shield volcano Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 58°25′N 131°21′W / 58.42°N 131.35°W / 58.42; -131.35
Enid Creek Cone Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 58°23′N 129°31′W / 58.38°N 129.52°W / 58.38; -129.52
Kana Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°54′N 130°37′W / 57.90°N 130.62°W / 57.90; -130.62
Sidas Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°52′N 130°38′W / 57.87°N 130.63°W / 57.87; -130.63
Castle Rock Volcanic plug Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°50′N 131°09′W / 57.84°N 131.15°W / 57.84; -131.15
Eve Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°49′N 130°40′W / 57.82°N 130.67°W / 57.82; -130.67
Triplex Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°48′N 130°37′W / 57.80°N 130.62°W / 57.80; -130.62
Twin Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°48′N 130°32′W / 57.80°N 130.53°W / 57.80; -130.53
Sleet Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°47′N 130°33′W / 57.78°N 130.55°W / 57.78; -130.55
Williams Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°47′N 130°36′W / 57.78°N 130.6°W / 57.78; -130.6
Klastline Cone Cinder cone Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°47′N 130°30′W / 57.78°N 130.5°W / 57.78; -130.5
Tsekone Ridge Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°46′N 130°41′W / 57.77°N 130.69°W / 57.77; -130.69
Storm Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°46′N 130°38′W / 57.77°N 130.63°W / 57.77; -130.63
Moraine Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°46′N 130°37′W / 57.77°N 130.62°W / 57.77; -130.62
Glacier Dome Lava dome Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°46′N 130°35′W / 57.77°N 130.58°W / 57.77; -130.58
The Pyramid Lava dome Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°46′N 130°34′W / 57.77°N 130.57°W / 57.77; -130.57
Pillow Ridge Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°46′N 130°38′W / 57.76°N 130.64°W / 57.76; -130.64
Sphinx Dome Lava dome Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°45′N 130°35′W / 57.75°N 130.58°W / 57.75; -130.58
Cinder Cliff Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°45′N 130°34′W / 57.75°N 130.57°W / 57.75; -130.57
Triangle Dome Lava dome Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°43′N 130°39′W / 57.72°N 130.65°W / 57.72; -130.65
Mount Edziza Stratovolcano Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°43′N 130°38′W / 57.72°N 130.63°W / 57.72; -130.63
Nanook Dome Lava dome Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°43′N 130°36′W / 57.72°N 130.6°W / 57.72; -130.6
Ice Peak Stratovolcano Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°42′N 130°38′W / 57.70°N 130.63°W / 57.70; -130.63
Icefall Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°42′N 130°36′W / 57.70°N 130.6°W / 57.70; -130.6
Tennena Cone Subglacial mound Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°41′N 130°40′W / 57.68°N 130.67°W / 57.68; -130.67
Ridge Cone Cinder cone Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°41′N 130°37′W / 57.68°N 130.62°W / 57.68; -130.62
The Neck Volcanic plug Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°40′N 130°35′W / 57.66°N 130.59°W / 57.66; -130.59
Cocoa Crater Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°39′N 130°42′W / 57.65°N 130.7°W / 57.65; -130.7
Pharaoh Dome Lava dome Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°39′N 130°36′W / 57.65°N 130.6°W / 57.65; -130.6
Coffee Crater Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°38′N 130°40′W / 57.63°N 130.67°W / 57.63; -130.67
The Saucer Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°38′N 130°38′W / 57.63°N 130.63°W / 57.63; -130.63
Keda Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°36′N 130°41′W / 57.60°N 130.68°W / 57.60; -130.68
Sezill Volcano Lava dome Miocene [ ⚑ ] 57°35′N 130°37′W / 57.59°N 130.62°W / 57.59; -130.62
Camp Hill Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°35′N 130°47′W / 57.58°N 130.78°W / 57.58; -130.78
Walkout Creek Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°35′N 130°45′W / 57.58°N 130.75°W / 57.58; -130.75
IGC Centre Lava dome Miocene [ ⚑ ] 57°34′N 130°37′W / 57.56°N 130.62°W / 57.56; -130.62
Cartoona Ridge Lava dome Miocene [ ⚑ ] 57°34′N 130°34′W / 57.56°N 130.57°W / 57.56; -130.57
Tadeda Centre Lava dome Miocene [ ⚑ ] 57°32′N 130°37′W / 57.54°N 130.61°W / 57.54; -130.61
Cache Hill Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°32′N 130°40′W / 57.53°N 130.67°W / 57.53; -130.67
Armadillo Peak Stratovolcano Miocene [ ⚑ ] 57°32′N 130°33′W / 57.53°N 130.55°W / 57.53; -130.55
Mess Lake Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°28′N 130°45′W / 57.47°N 130.75°W / 57.47; -130.75
Little Iskut Outcrop Pliocene [ ⚑ ] 57°28′N 130°33′W / 57.47°N 130.55°W / 57.47; -130.55
The Ash Pit Volcanic crater Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°27′N 130°47′W / 57.45°N 130.78°W / 57.45; -130.78
Spectrum Range Shield volcano Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°26′N 130°41′W / 57.43°N 130.68°W / 57.43; -130.68
Outcast Hill Cinder cone Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°24′N 130°46′W / 57.40°N 130.77°W / 57.40; -130.77
Maitland Volcano Shield volcano Pliocene [ ⚑ ] 57°24′N 129°42′W / 57.40°N 129.7°W / 57.40; -129.7
Exile Hill Cinder cone Pliocene [ ⚑ ] 57°23′N 130°49′W / 57.38°N 130.82°W / 57.38; -130.82
Spectrum Dome Lava dome Pliocene [ ⚑ ] 57°23′N 130°41′W / 57.38°N 130.68°W / 57.38; -130.68
Yeda Peak Lava dome Pliocene [ ⚑ ] 57°23′N 130°41′W / 57.38°N 130.68°W / 57.38; -130.68
Tadekho Hill Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°21′N 130°47′W / 57.35°N 130.78°W / 57.35; -130.78
Nahta Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°19′N 130°49′W / 57.32°N 130.82°W / 57.32; -130.82
Wetalth Ridge Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°19′N 130°47′W / 57.32°N 130.78°W / 57.32; -130.78
Source Hill Cinder cone Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°17′N 130°49′W / 57.28°N 130.82°W / 57.28; -130.82
Thaw Hill Cinder cone Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 57°17′N 130°49′W / 57.28°N 130.82°W / 57.28; -130.82
Little Bear Mountain Tuya Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 56°48′N 131°18′W / 56.80°N 131.3°W / 56.80; -131.3
Hoodoo Mountain Stratovolcano Holocene [ ⚑ ] 56°47′N 131°17′W / 56.78°N 131.28°W / 56.78; -131.28
Tom MacKay Creek Cone Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 56°43′N 130°34′W / 56.71°N 130.56°W / 56.71; -130.56
Iskut Canyon Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 56°43′N 130°36′W / 56.71°N 130.6°W / 56.71; -130.6
Snippaker Creek Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 56°38′N 130°52′W / 56.63°N 130.87°W / 56.63; -130.87
Cinder Mountain Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 56°34′N 130°37′W / 56.57°N 130.61°W / 56.57; -130.61
Cone Glacier Volcano Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 56°34′N 130°40′W / 56.56°N 130.66°W / 56.56; -130.66
King Creek Cone Subglacial mound Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 56°29′N 130°40′W / 56.49°N 130.66°W / 56.49; -130.66
The Volcano Cinder cone Historic [ ⚑ ] 56°25′N 130°51′W / 56.42°N 130.85°W / 56.42; -130.85
Second Canyon Cone Cinder cone Holocene [ ⚑ ] 56°25′N 130°43′W / 56.41°N 130.72°W / 56.41; -130.72
The Thumb Volcanic plug Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 56°10′N 126°42′W / 56.16°N 126.7°W / 56.16; -126.7
Tseax Cone Cinder cone Historic [ ⚑ ] 55°07′N 128°54′W / 55.12°N 128.9°W / 55.12; -128.9
Crow Lagoon Cinder cone Pleistocene [ ⚑ ] 54°42′N 130°14′W / 54.7°N 130.23°W / 54.7; -130.23
Erupted products
Name Type Age Location
Anderson Bay Lava flow Miocene [ ⚑ ] 59°18′N 133°45′W / 59.3°N 133.75°W / 59.3; -133.75
Desolation Lava Field Lava field Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°49′N 130°37′W / 57.82°N 130.62°W / 57.82; -130.62
Snowshoe Lava Field Lava field Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°39′N 130°40′W / 57.65°N 130.67°W / 57.65; -130.67
Sheep Track Pumice Pumice deposit Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°38′N 130°40′W / 57.64°N 130.67°W / 57.64; -130.67
Mess Lake Lava Field Lava field Holocene [ ⚑ ] 57°28′N 130°45′W / 57.47°N 130.75°W / 57.47; -130.75
A large open mountain covered with ice and snow rising over the surrounding landscape.
Northwestern flank of Mount Edziza
Landscape of a flat plain with two groups of mountains.
Satellite image of Level Mountain (middle) and Heart Peaks (upper-left corner)
An open cone-shaped mountain rising above a plateau with a glaciated mountain towering in the background.
Eve Cone lying in the Desolation Lava Field
Landscape of a mountain range.
Level Mountain with extensive elevated plateau in the foreground
Rock exposed near glacial ice.
Hoodoo Glacier and lava flows on the flanks of Hoodoo Mountain
Open area of lava beds right by a road.
Nass valley lava beds formed by eruptions of the Tseax Cone
A valley filled with rugged rock in a mountainous area.
Recently extruded basaltic lava at the Blue River

See also

  • List of volcanoes in the United States
  • List of volcanoes in Canada
  • List of Cascade volcanoes
  • Volcanism of Canada
  • Volcanism of Northern Canada
  • Volcanism of Western Canada

References

  1. ↑ "Stikine volcanic belt". Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2008-02-13. http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/belt_stikine_e.php. 
  2. ↑ "Tseax Cone". Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2009-03-10. http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=tsx_crc_107. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Lava Forks Provincial Park". BC Parks. http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/explore/parkpgs/lava_forks/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Wood, Charles A.; Kienle, Jürgen (2001). Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 109, 114, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125. ISBN 978-0-521-43811-7. OCLC 27910629. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes". Geological Survey of Canada. 2008-02-13. http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/belt_stikine_e.php. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Volcanoes". Natural Resources Canada. 2007-09-05. http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/naturalhazards/volcanoes/1. 
  7. ↑ "Chikoida Mountain". Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2009-03-10. http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_chm_133. 
  8. ↑ "Armadillo Peak". Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2009-03-10. http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_adp_137. 
  9. ↑ "Maitland Volcano". Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2009-03-10. http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_mvo_072. 
  10. ↑ "Cracker Creek cone". Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2009-03-10. http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_crc_117. 
  11. ↑ "Kawdy Mountain". Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2009-03-10. http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_kmt_055. 
  12. ↑ "Hoodoo Mountain". Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2009-03-10. http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_hoo_132. 
  13. ↑ "Map of Canadian volcanoes". Volcanoes of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada. 2008-02-13. http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/map/index_e.php. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Fort Selkirk". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=1200-01-. 
  15. ↑ "Alligator Lake". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=1200-02-. 
  16. ↑ "Tseax River Cone". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=1200-19-. 

External links



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