Chemistry:Carbadox
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| IUPAC name
Methyl (2E)-2-[(1,4-dioxidoquinoxalin-2-yl)
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| Other names
Mecadox
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| Properties | |
| C11H10N4O4 | |
| Molar mass | 262.225 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Yellow crystals |
| Density | 1.44 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 239.5 °C (463.1 °F; 512.6 K) |
| Insoluble | |
| Hazards | |
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| GHS Signal word | Warning |
| H228, H302 | |
| P210, P240, P241, P264, P270, P280, P301+312, P330, P370+378, P501 | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
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Carbadox is a veterinary drug that combats infection in swine, particularly swine dysentery.
Indications
Carbadox is indicated for control of swine dysentery (vibrionic dysentery, bloody scours, or hemorrhagic dysentery); control of bacterial swine enteritis (salmonellosis or necrotic enteritis caused by Salmonella enterica); aid in the prevention of migration and establishment of large roundworm (Ascaris suum) infections; aid in the prevention of establishment of nodular worm (Oesophagostomum) infections.[1]
Safety
In animal models, carbadox has been shown to be carcinogenic[citation needed] and to induce birth defects.[2] The Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine has questioned the safety in light of its possible carcinogenicity.[3]
Regulation
Carbadox is approved in the United States only for use in swine and may not be used within 42 days of slaughter or used in pregnant animals.[1] In 2016, the United States Food and Drug Administration moved to ban its use in pork, citing a potential cancer risk to humans.[4] However, as of August 2018, FDA had indefinitely stayed its withdrawal of approval and carbadox remains available. [5]
In 2004, carbadox was banned by the Canadian government as a livestock feed additive and for human consumption.[6][failed verification] The European Union also forbids the use of carbadox at any level.[7] Australia forbids the use of carbadox in food producing animals.[8]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "21CFR 558.115". Code of Federal Regulations. FDA. 1 Apr 2014. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=558.115.
- ↑ Yoshimura, Haruo (2002). "Teratogenic assessment of carbadox in rats". Toxicology Letters 129 (1–2): 115–118. doi:10.1016/S0378-4274(01)00522-7. PMID 11879981.
- ↑ "Questions and Answers regarding Carbadox". Food and Drug Administration. July 31, 2019. https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/product-safety-information/questions-and-answers-regarding-carbadox.
- ↑ Fox, Maggie. "FDA Moves to Ban Cancer-Causing Pork Antibiotic". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/fda-moves-ban-cancer-causing-pork-antibiotic-n553101?cid=sm_fb.
- ↑ "10-K: PHIBRO ANIMAL HEALTH CORP". MarketWatch. https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/10-k-phibro-animal-health-corp-2018-08-27.
- ↑ Maximum Residue Limits, Health Canada, 2003-05-15, http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/vet/faq/faq_mrl-lmr-eng.php#a6, retrieved 2010-07-27
- ↑ Ungemach, Fritz R.. "WHO Food Additives Series: 51 CARBADOX (addendum)". WHO Food Additives Series. INCHEM. http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v51je05.htm.
- ↑ Substances Not Permitted for use on Food-Producing Animals in Australia, Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, http://www.apvma.gov.au/registration/not_permitted.php, retrieved 2010-08-31
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