Biology:Stenacron
| Stenacron | |
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| Stenacron interpunctatum | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Ephemeroptera |
| Family: | Heptageniidae |
| Genus: | Stenacron Jensen, 1974 |
Stenacron is a genus of mayfly in the family Heptageniidae (the flat-headed mayflies),[1] with a distribution across eastern North America.[2]
Life History
Although larvae can be found in many different conditions, they have some basic and preferred requirements. They tend to cling to the underside of rocks that are a minimum of 8 X 8 inches and 2 inches thick. Larger rocks contain greater populations of Stenacron species. They are seldom found in the faster riffle waters, but instead at the slower moving banks, typically with a water depth of no less than 3 inches and up to 16 inches deep. Stenacron can live in waters that are not moving and low in Dissolved Oxygen (DO), although they prefer stable and moderate DO levels, in which greater populations will occur. Documented in "Taxonomy and ecology of Stenonema mayflies", Phillip A. Lewis showed that the form Stenacron interpunctatum / heterotarsale historically carried an EBI (Empirical Biotic Index) rating of a level 7, showing a high tolerance level to pollution, both Toxic and Organic.[3]
Taxonomy
History
Thomas Say first documented the species interpunctatum in 1839 in Indiana from 20 holotypes and 14 paratypes. Hagan, in 1861, confirms and expands the geographical range of the species with the collection of others in Virginia that concurred with Say’s haplotypes. Dr. J.R. Traver, the second author[4] of "The Biology of Mayflies"[5], said there are three distinct groups in the genus Stenonema in 1933. The interpunctatum group later became the genus Stenacron. Steven L Jensen listed the genus as Stenacron in 1974.
Species
Although there are 7 recognized species in the genus, the variation amongst populations of S. interpunctatum forms the Stenacron interpunctatum complex, which comprises 16 closely related subspecies.[6]
List of the currently valid species as of 2014:
- Stenacron candidum (Traver, 1935) i c g b
- Stenacron carolina (Banks, 1914) i c g b
- Stenacron floridense (Lewis, 1974) i c g b
- Stenacron gildersleevei (Traver, 1935) i c g b (Gildersleeve's Stenacron Mayfly)
- Stenacron interpunctatum (Say, 1839) i c g b (Stenacron Mayfly)
- Stenacron minnetonka (Daggy, 1945) i c g b
- Stenacron pallidum (Traver, 1933) i c g b
Data sources: i = ITIS,[7] c = Catalogue of Life,[8] g = GBIF,[9] b = Bugguide.net[10]
Synonym forms that make up the interpunctatum complex.[11]
- Stenacron interpunctatum / affine
- Stenacron interpunctatum / areion
- Stenacron interpunctatum / canadense
- Stenacron interpunctatum / conjunctum
- Stenacron interpunctatum / frontale
- Stenacron interpunctatum / heterotarsale
- Stenacron interpunctatum / majus
- Stenacron interpunctatum / ohioense
- Stenacron interpunctatum / proximum
Larval development
“No experimental evidence exists to indicate how much or how little coloration of the imaginal individuals of this genus is independent of the environment in which the nymphs develop. Circumstantial evidence Spieth (1938) indicates, and such evidence is constantly accumulating, that the environment may play a part in determining the degree of coloration of the adults”
When confronted with a large series, especially from the areas around the Great Lakes, more “intermediate” than “typical” specimens are invariably found
References
- ↑ "Genus Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenacron". https://www.macroinvertebrates.org/taxa-info/ephemeroptera-larva/heptageniidae/stenacron/dorsal.
- ↑ Murray, Tom (2006). "Genus Stenacron". https://bugguide.net/node/view/53404#range.
- ↑ Lewis, P. A. (1974). The Taxonomy and Ecology of Stenonema Mayflies. National Environmental Research Center.
- ↑ Mosely, Martin E. (August 1936). "The Biology of Mayflies" (in en). Nature 138 (3484): 223–224. doi:10.1038/138223a0. ISSN 0028-0836. https://www.nature.com/articles/138223a0.
- ↑ "The biology of mayflies, with a systematic account of North American species, by James G. Needham ... Jay R. Traver ... [and Yin-chi Hsu ... assisted by specialists ..."] (in en). https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015004576099?urlappend=%3Bseq=9.
- ↑ Traver, J. D. (1935). Biology of a Mayfly.
- ↑ "Stenacron Report". https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=100713. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
- ↑ "Browse Stenacron". http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/8bb954b085b7a07e985e7e7b8f5a05d9. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
- ↑ "Stenacron". https://www.gbif.org/species/1408671. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
- ↑ "Stenacron Genus Information". https://bugguide.net/node/view/53404. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
- ↑ "Taxonomy and ecology of Stenonema mayflies (Heptageniidae: Ephemeroptera) / by Philip A. Lewis" (in en). https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015041369623?urlappend=%3Bseq=16.
- Chinery, Michael (1986). Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-219170-9.
Further reading
- Arnett, Ross H. Jr. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0212-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=DKzAmSDdLtsC.
- Barber-James, Helen M.; Gattolliat, Jean-Luc; Sartori, Michel; Hubbard, Michael D. (2008). "Global diversity of mayflies (Ephemeroptera, Insecta) in freshwater". Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment (Springer) 595 (1): 339–350. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_37.
- Barber-James, H.; Sartori, M.; Gattolliat, J-L.; Webb, J. (2013). "World checklist of freshwater Ephemeroptera species". https://www.gbif.org/dataset/ff2d1f5b-a105-442f-bbfd-97597d40cde3. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
- Mayflies and stoneflies: Life histories and biology. Springer. 1990. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2397-3. ISBN 978-94-010-7579-4.
- Edmunds Jr., George F. (1972). "Biogeography and evolution of Ephemeroptera". Annual Review of Entomology (Annual Reviews) 17 (1): 21–42. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.17.010172.000321.
- Kluge, Nikita (2013). The phylogenetic system of Ephemeroptera. Springer Science & Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0872-3. ISBN 978-94-015-3942-5.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q8020075 entry
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