Biology:Pseudopetalichthyida

Pseudopetalichthyida Temporal range: Emsian
Artist's reconstructions
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Placodermi
Order:	Pseudopetalichthyida Denison 1975
Family:	Paraplesiobatidae Berg 1940
Species
Pseudopetalichthys problematica† Paraplesiobatis heinrichsi † Nessariostoma granulosa †

Pseudopetalichthyida is an order of lightly armored placoderms known only from rare fossils in Lower Devonian strata in Hunsrück, Germany. Like Stensioella heintzi, and the Rhenanida, the Pseudopetalichthids had armor made up of a mosaic of tubercles. Like Stensioella heintzi, the Pseudopetalichthids' placement within Placodermi is suspect. However, due to a gross lack of whole, uncrushed, articulated specimens, there are no other groups that the Pseudopetalichthids could be, for a lack of a better word, pigeonholed into.

On the other hand, according to anatomical studies done on the crushed specimens that have been found, those experts who do regard the Pseudopetalichthyida as placoderms consider them to be a group more advanced than the Ptyctodonts. And as such, pro-placoderm experts consider Pseudopetalichthyida to be the sister group of the Arthrodires + Phyllolepida + Antiarchi trichotomy and the Acanthothoraci + Rhenanida dichotomy.

The best known species is the type species Pseudopetalicthys problematica. Some experts have suggested that Paraplesiobatis heinrichsi is the same species as P. problematica, but, due to the specimens of the latter species being crushed in a different position than the specimen of the former species, the anatomies of the two forms appear different (Moy-Thomas & Miles). However, this problem will be resolved only with more specimens. The anatomy of the specimens of Nessariostoma granulosum are sufficiently different from the other two pseudopetalichthyids to be recognized as a separate species. N. granulosum bears a superficial resemblance to Stensioella heintzi, and it was this resemblance that originally led to the pseudopetalichthyids' grouping within Stensioellidae.

Timeline of genera

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 id:latedevonian   value:rgb(0.96,0.89,0.71)
 id:carboniferous   value:rgb(0.4,0.65,0.6)
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bar:periodtop
from: -416    till: -411.2   color:earlydevonian    text:Lochkovian
from: -411.2    till: -407   color:earlydevonian    text:Pragian
from: -407    till: -397.5   color:earlydevonian    text:Emsian
from: -397.5    till: -391.8   color:middledevonian    text:Eifelian
from: -391.8    till: -385.3   color:middledevonian    text:Givetian
from: -385.3    till: -374.5   color:latedevonian    text:Frasnian
from: -374.5    till: -359.2   color:latedevonian    text:Famennian

bar:eratop
from: -416    till: -359.2   color:devonian    text:Devonian

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color:earlydevonian	bar:NAM1	from:	-407	till:	-403.83	text:	Nessariostoma
color:earlydevonian	bar:NAM2	from:	-407	till:	-403.83	text:	Paraplesiobatis
color:earlydevonian	bar:NAM3	from:	-407	till:	-403.83	text:	Pseudopetalichthys

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align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 
 
bar:period
from: -416    till: -411.2   color:earlydevonian    text:Lochkovian
from: -411.2    till: -407   color:earlydevonian    text:Pragian
from: -407    till: -397.5   color:earlydevonian    text:Emsian
from: -397.5    till: -391.8   color:middledevonian    text:Eifelian
from: -391.8    till: -385.3   color:middledevonian    text:Givetian
from: -385.3    till: -374.5   color:latedevonian    text:Frasnian
from: -374.5    till: -359.2   color:latedevonian    text:Famennian

bar:era
from: -416    till: -359.2   color:devonian    text:Devonian

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References

• Long, John A. The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. ISBN:0-8018-5438-5
• Moy-Thomas, J. A. & Miles, R. S. Paleozoic Fishes (2nd ed)Chapman and Hall, London, 1971.

External links

• Mikko's Phylogeny Archive

Wikidata ☰ Q3924915 entry