Biology:PCA3
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Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3, also referred to as DD3) is a gene that expresses a non-coding RNA. PCA3 is only expressed in human prostate tissue, and the gene is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer.[1][2] Because of its restricted expression profile, the PCA3 RNA is useful as a tumor marker.[3]
Use as biomarker
The most frequently used biomarker for prostate cancer today is the serum level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), or derived measurements. However, since PSA is prostate-specific but not cancer-specific, it is an imperfect biomarker. For example, PSA can increase in older men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Several new biomarkers are being investigated to improve the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Some of these can be measured in urine samples, and it is possible that a combination of several urinary biomarkers will replace PSA in the future.[4]
Compared to serum PSA, PCA3 has a lower sensitivity but a higher specificity and a better positive and negative predictive value.[5] It is independent of prostate volume, whereas PSA is not.[6] It should be measured in the first portion of urine after prostate massage with digital rectal examination.[7]
PCA3 has been shown to be useful to predict the presence of malignancy in men undergoing repeat prostate biopsy.[7][8] This means that it could be useful clinically for a patient for whom digital rectal examination and PSA suggest possible prostate cancer, but the first prostate biopsy returns a normal result. This occurs in approximately 60% of cases, and on repeat testing, 20-40% have an abnormal biopsy result.[9]
Other uses that are being studied for PCA3 include its correlation with adverse tumor features such as tumor volume, grading (Gleason score) or extracapsular extension. These studies have so far produced conflicting results.[10][11][12]
Society and culture
A commercial kit called the Progensa PCA3 test is marketed by the Californian company Gen-Probe.[citation needed] Gen-Probe acquired rights to the PCA3 test from Diagnocure in 2003.[citation needed] In April 2012, Hologic bought Gen-Probe for $3.75 billion by cash.[13]
Discovery
PCA3 was discovered to be highly expressed by prostate cancer cells in 1999.[1][third-party source needed]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "DD3: a new prostate-specific gene, highly overexpressed in prostate cancer". Cancer Research 59 (23): 5975–9. December 1999. PMID 10606244. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10606244.
- ↑ "Combined analysis of multiple mRNA markers by RT-PCR assay for prostate cancer diagnosis". Clinical Biochemistry 41 (14–15): 1191–8. October 2008. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.06.013. PMID 18640109.
- ↑ "Does PCA3 help identify clinically significant prostate cancer?". European Urology 54 (5): 980–1. November 2008. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2008.07.027. PMID 18684556.
- ↑ "A first-generation multiplex biomarker analysis of urine for the early detection of prostate cancer". Cancer Research 68 (3): 645–9. February 2008. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-3224. PMID 18245462.
- ↑ "[Value of urinary PCA3 test for prostate cancer diagnosis]" (in fr). Progres en Urologie 18 (5): 259–65. May 2008. doi:10.1016/j.purol.2008.03.029. PMID 18538269.
- ↑ "PCA3: a molecular urine assay for predicting prostate biopsy outcome". The Journal of Urology 179 (4): 1587–92. April 2008. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.11.038. PMID 18295257.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Clinical utility of the PCA3 urine assay in European men scheduled for repeat biopsy". European Urology 54 (5): 1081–8. November 2008. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2008.06.071. PMID 18602209. http://www.europeanurology.com/article/S0302283808007781/pdf.
- ↑ "PCA3 molecular urine assay for prostate cancer in men undergoing repeat biopsy". Urology 69 (3): 532–5. March 2007. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2006.12.014. PMID 17382159.
- ↑ "Progensa PCA3 test for prostate cancer detection". Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 7 (5): 491–7. September 2007. doi:10.1586/14737159.7.5.491. PMID 17892357.
- ↑ "PCA3 molecular urine assay correlates with prostate cancer tumor volume: implication in selecting candidates for active surveillance". The Journal of Urology 179 (5): 1804–9; discussion 1809–10. May 2008. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.013. PMID 18353398.
- ↑ "Detailed analysis of histopathological parameters in radical prostatectomy specimens and PCA3 urine test results". The Prostate 68 (11): 1215–22. August 2008. doi:10.1002/pros.20781. PMID 18500693.
- ↑ "PCA3 score before radical prostatectomy predicts extracapsular extension and tumor volume". The Journal of Urology 180 (5): 1975–8; discussion 1978–9. November 2008. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.060. PMID 18801539. https://zenodo.org/record/1259197.
- ↑ Soyoung Kim and Anand Basu (30 April 2012). "Hologic to buy Gen-Probe for $3.75 billion". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hologic-idUSBRE83T10D20120430.
Further reading
- Zhang, Baohong, ed (2009). "New genomic structure for prostate cancer specific gene PCA3 within BMCC1: implications for prostate cancer detection and progression". PLOS ONE 4 (3): e4995. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004995. PMID 19319183. Bibcode: 2009PLoSO...4.4995C.
- "Interpretation of the prostate cancer gene 3 in reference to the individual clinical background: implications for daily practice". Urologia Internationalis 85 (2): 159–65. 2010. doi:10.1159/000314078. PMID 20424427.
- "PCA3: from basic molecular science to the clinical lab". Cancer Letters 301 (1): 1–6. February 2011. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2010.10.019. PMID 21093148.
- "New targets for therapy in prostate cancer: differential display code 3 (DD3(PCA3)), a highly prostate cancer-specific gene". Urology 62 (5 Suppl 1): 34–43. November 2003. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(03)00759-3. PMID 14607216.
- "Predicting prostate cancer risk through incorporation of prostate cancer gene 3". The Journal of Urology 180 (4): 1303–8; discussion 1308. October 2008. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.06.038. PMID 18707724.
- "Performance of the prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) gene and prostate-specific antigen in prescreened men: exploring the value of PCA3 for a first-line diagnostic test". European Urology 58 (4): 475–81. October 2010. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2010.06.039. PMID 20637539.
- "A multicenter evaluation of the PCA3 molecular urine test: pre-analytical effects, analytical performance, and diagnostic accuracy". Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry 389 (1–2): 1–6. March 2008. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2007.11.003. PMID 18061575.
- "The use of PCA3 in the diagnosis of prostate cancer". Nature Reviews. Urology 6 (5): 255–61. May 2009. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2009.40. PMID 19424173.
- "Differential expression of PCA3 and its overlapping PRUNE2 transcript in prostate cancer". The Prostate 70 (1): 70–8. January 2010. doi:10.1002/pros.21040. PMID 19760627.
- "Clinical utility of the PCA3 urine assay in European men scheduled for repeat biopsy". European Urology 54 (5): 1081–8. November 2008. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2008.06.071. PMID 18602209. http://www.europeanurology.com/article/S0302283808007781/pdf.
- "Is DD3 a new prostate-specific gene?". Anticancer Research 23 (1A): 305–8. 2003. PMID 12680228.
- "Predictive value of PCA3 in urinary sediments in determining clinico-pathological characteristics of prostate cancer". The Prostate 70 (1): 10–6. January 2010. doi:10.1002/pros.21032. PMID 19708043.
- "Differential display code 3 (DD3/PCA3) in prostate cancer diagnosis". Anticancer Research 30 (2): 665–70. February 2010. PMID 20332487.
- "cDNA microarray analysis with amplified RNA after isolation of intact cellular RNA from neoplastic and non-neoplastic prostate tissue separated by laser microdissections". International Journal of Oncology 24 (5): 1085–92. May 2004. doi:10.3892/ijo.24.5.1085. PMID 15067329.
- "PCA3 gene expression in prostate cancer tissue in a Chinese population: quantification by real-time FQ-RT-PCR based on exon 3 of PCA3". Experimental and Molecular Pathology 89 (1): 58–62. August 2010. doi:10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.01.008. PMID 20114043.
- "DD3(PCA3)-based molecular urine analysis for the diagnosis of prostate cancer". European Urology 44 (1): 8–15; discussion 15–6. July 2003. doi:10.1016/S0302-2838(03)00201-X. PMID 12814669.
- "The combination of urine DD3(PCA3) mRNA and PSA mRNA as molecular markers of prostate cancer". Biomarkers 14 (4): 235–43. June 2009. doi:10.1080/13547500902807306. PMID 19489685.
External links
- prostate+cancer+antigen+3,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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