Biology:Napeocles
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| Genus: | Napeocles Bates, 1864
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| Species: | N. jacunda
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| Binomial name | |
| Napeocles jucunda (Hübner, 1808)
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Napeocles jucunda, the great blue hookwing, is a South American butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. The species was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1808.
Taxonomy
It is the only representative of the monotypic Neotropical lowland genus Napeocles, erected by Henry Walter Bates in 1864. It has been assigned to the recently resurrected tribe Victorinini.[1] The species is very similar to some species in tribe Kallimini.
Subspecies
Subspecies include:[2][3][4]
- Napeocles jucunda jucunda Hübner, 1808
- Napeocles jucunda caesari Neild, 2008 (Venezuela)
- Napeocles jucunda dumnorix Fruhstorfer, 1912
Distribution
This species has been recorded in Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, Brazil , and French Guiana.[5]
Habitat
These butterflies occur in tropical rainforest across the Amazon basin and from the eastern slopes of the Andes.[5] They can usually be found high in the canopy, but sometimes they are also present on the lower foliage of trees and on humid cacao-groves on fallen fruits.[6][7] The eggs and pupae are very similar to that of Siproeta stelenes, but the final instar larvae is characterized by a dark maroon basal color, with the thorax and abdomen flecked by numerous yellow specks.[5] The immature stages feed on plants in the genus Ruellia.[5]
Description
Napeocles jucunda can reach a wingspan of about 10 cm (3.9 in). These fairly large, wide-winged fine butterflies show a very hard projection on the hindmargins of the forewings, just below the tip, with a deep concavity below. The hindwings are round. The basic color is black or dark brown, with a broad blue to intense white band crossing the middle of the forewings and hindwings. The tip of the forewings shows also a small blue spot. The underside of the wings is colored like a wilted leaf, complete with "middle nerve".[8][9]
Bibliography
- Lamas, G. ed. (2004). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 4A Hesperioidea - Papiionoidea. Gainesville: Scientific Publishers/Association of Tropical Lepidoptera.
- Palo Jr., Haroldo (2017). Borboletas do Brasil [Butterflies of Brazil]. volume 2. Nymphalidae 1st ed. São Carlos, Brazil: Vento Verde. p. 1254. ISBN:978-85-64060-10-4
- D'Abrera, Bernard (1984). Butterflies of South America. Hill House ISBN:0-9593639-2-0
References
- ↑ "The Subfamily Nymphalinae". http://nymphalidae.utu.fi/Nymphalidae/Nymphalinae/Nymphalinae.htm.
- ↑ "Family Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815 – Brushfoots". http://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/Nymphalidae.htm.
- ↑ Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I. et al., eds (2003). "Napeocles jucunda ssp. dumnorix". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/detail/?taxonno=158613.
- ↑ Savela, Markku (August 27, 2017). "Napeocles Bates, 1864". https://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/nymphalinae/napeocles/.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Rosser, Neil; Pezo, Ronald Mori (2017). "Color pattern divergence in Napeocles jucunda Hübner, 1808 (Nymphalidae) is accompanied by shifts in host plant and habitat use" (in en). Tropical Lepidoptera Research. ISSN 2575-9256. https://journals.flvc.org/troplep/article/view/105432.
- ↑ "Great Blue Hookwing Napeocles jucunda Hübner, 1808". Learn About Butterflies. http://www.learnaboutbutterflies.com/Andes%20-%20Napeocles%20jucunda.htm.
- ↑ Bates, H. W. (1864). "Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley Lepidoptera - Nymphalinae". Journal of Entomology 2 (10): 194. https://archive.org/stream/journalofentomol02lond#page/194/mode/1up.
- ↑ Kirby, W. F. (1896). A Hand-Book to the Order Lepidoptera. Lloyds's Natural History. p. 104. https://archive.org/details/b28098729_0001?q=napeocles.
- ↑ Kirby, W. F. (1877). "Introductory Papers on Lepidoptera". The Entomologist 10: 241. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.19867?q=napeocles.
External links
- "Species Napeocles jucunda". Butterflies of America.
- Brower, Andrew V. Z. "Napeocles H. W. Bates 1864". Tree of Life Web Project.
- Carter, D. (1994). Sommerfugler fra hele verden. Teknologisk Forlag. ISBN:82-512-0438-0
- Napeocles jucunda on Flickr
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