Biology:Nalepella

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Short description: Genus of mites infesting conifers

Nalepella
Nalepella danica (lateral view, female).png
Nalepella danica
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Trombidiformes
Family: Phytoptidae
Genus: Nalepella
Keifer, 1944

Nalepella, the rust mites, is a genus of very small Trombidiform mites in the family Phytoptidae.[2][3] They are commonly found on a variety of conifers, including hemlock, spruce, balsam fir, and pine.[3][4][5][6] They sometimes infest Christmas trees in nurseries.[3][5] Nalepella mites are vagrants, meaning they circulate around the tree; females overwinter in bark cracks.[5][7] Infested spruce emit a characteristic odour.[8]

Distribution

The genus is holarctic, and species are found in North America, Europe, and China.[2][9]

Effects

The mites feed on the cell sap of the tree's needles, sometimes causing severe damage.[5] Typical effects from a Nalepella infestation include needle discolouration and premature needle drop.[3][7] The colour of discolouration varies by species; for example, Nalepella tsugifoliae causes yellowed or grey discolouration, while Nalepella halourga's discolouration is more bronze in colour.[7][10] Some species are considered serious pests of ornamental coniforous trees.[11] They are commonly found on Christmas trees in North America and Europe, and they may seriously damage the tree.[3]

Spruce infested by Nalepella were found to increase emissions of certain compounds that may cause the characteristic smell of infested plants.[8] Another study in 2009 found that some compounds emitted by infected spruce attracted or repelled Hylobius abietis, another pest of conifers.[12]

Life cycle

Nalepella mite eggs overwinter on needles, then hatch early in the spring.[3][13] As cold-season mites, they are most active in the early spring and the fall.[3][13] The mites deposit eggs during the fall, but may continue to be active into the winter.[3] They have multiple generations per year.[13]

N. danica

Species

Species details

Nalepella brewrieanae

N. brewrieanae, first discovered in 2003 on Picea breweriana.[14] It was first described from Germany, but is also known from Poland.[14][15] Besides P. breweriana, it is also known from P. abies and P. glauca.[15][16]

Nalepella danica

Nalepella danica infests members of the Abies (fir) genus. Specifically, it has been recorded from A. alba, A. concolor, A. lasiocarpa, and A. nordmanniana.[15][17][18] It causes small rusty brown to bronze spots on the needles of its host plant, but a severe infestation can result in defoliation.[15][18] Nymphs typically grow between 90 and 108 µm, while female adults 145 and 240 µm.[18] They are known exclusively from Denmark.[17][18]

Nalepella ednae

Nalepella ednae is distributed across the central and Northwestern United States, as well as in British Columbia.[19] They are of concern in Mexico, where they may be introduced via cut Christmas trees.[19][20][21] Although it is only known from a few fir species, all may be hosts.[19] The damage they cause is unknown.[15][22]

Nalepella halourga eggs

Nalepella haarlovi

Nalepella haarlovi is known from Denmark and Finland.[9] It has been recorded infesting Picea sitchensis.[23] They are one of the most economically important members of the genus.[9] This species has four to eight generations per year.[9]

Nalepella halourga

Nalepella halourga, commonly known as the spruce rust mite, is restricted to Picea (spruce).[3] Their colour varies throughout the year; during the growing season, they are colourless to pale yellow, but in the fall they turn reddish-purple.[10] They are found in Eastern North America.[9]

Nalepella longoctonema

N. danica

Nalepella longoctonema was first described in 1991 from two fir species in Oregon.[24][25] They grow to 206 µm in length, and have been collected in large numbers on fir plantations.[9] They are one of the most economically important members of the genus.[9]

Nalepella shevtchenkoi

Nalepella shevtchenkoi lives around the bases of the host plant's needles, as well as on its stems.[15][26] It is known from Abies (fir) and Picea (spruce) species.[15] The species is considered one of the most damaging of the eriophyoid mites.[15] It is found in parts of central and eastern Europe.[27][28]

Nalepella tsugifoliae

The hemlock rust mite is reddish-orange in colour, and has relatively large eggs.[29] They infest fir, hemlock, larch, and yew to high densities- there may be as many as 100 mites on one needle.[3][7][30] Infested trees turn bluish, then yellow, before beginning to drop needles.[31] They feed on both sides of the tree's needles.[32]

Notes

References

  1. ↑ IRMNG (2021). Nalepella Keifer, 1944. Accessed at: https://irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1386289 on 2023-02-27
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Nalepella Keifer, 1944" (in en). https://www.gbif.org/species/4406909. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 "Eriophyid Rust and Sheath Mites". 21 Nov 2017. https://extension.psu.edu/eriophyid-rust-and-sheath-mites. 
  4. ↑ Baker, Whiteford L. (Whiteford Lee) (1972). Eastern forest insects. National Agricultural Library U. S. Department of Agriculture. Washington : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service ; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O. http://archive.org/details/easternforestins1175bake. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "A new species of Nalepella Keifer (Acarina: Eriophyoidea: Phytoptidae) from Abies in Denmark.". Acarologia 42 (1). ISSN 0044-586X. https://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/acarologia/export_pdf.php?id=96&typefile=1. 
  6. ↑ National Agricultural Library (U.S.); Library (U.S.), National Agricultural. Pesticides documentation bulletin. 4. Washington: National Agricultural Library, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, #c 1965-1969. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/192200. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Baker, James (2022-02-25). "Nalepella tsugifoliae" (in en). https://ag.umass.edu/landscape/publications-resources/insect-mite-guide/nalepella-tsugifoliae. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kännaste, Astrid; Vongvanich, Namphung; Borg-Karlson, Anna-Karin (2008-03-01). "Infestation by a Nalepella species induces emissions of α- and β-farnesenes, (−)-linalool and aromatic compounds in Norway spruce clones of different susceptibility to the large pine weevil" (in en). Arthropod-Plant Interactions 2 (1): 31–41. doi:10.1007/s11829-008-9029-4. ISSN 1872-8847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-008-9029-4. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Vacante, Vincenzo (2015-12-21) (in en). The Handbook of Mites of Economic Plants: Identification, Bio-Ecology and Control. CABI. ISBN 978-1-84593-994-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=yc4_CwAAQBAJ&dq=Nalepella+haarlovi&pg=PA399. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Baker, James. "Spruce Rust Mite | NC State Extension Publications" (in en-US). https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/spruce-rust-mite. 
  11. ↑ Castagnoli, M. (1996-01-01), Lindquist, E. E.; Sabelis, M. W.; Bruin, J., eds., "3.2.13 Ornamental coniferous and shade trees" (in en), World Crop Pests, Eriophyoid Mites Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control (Elsevier) 6: pp. 661–671, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1572437996800443, retrieved 2023-02-26 
  12. ↑ Kännaste, Astrid; Nordenhem, Henrik; Nordlander, Göran; Borg-Karlson, Anna-Karin (2009-10-01). "Volatiles from a Mite-Infested Spruce Clone and Their Effects on Pine Weevil Behavior" (in en). Journal of Chemical Ecology 35 (10): 1262–1271. doi:10.1007/s10886-009-9708-3. ISSN 1573-1561. PMID 19902304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-009-9708-3. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Katovich, Steven, ed (June 2014). Christmas Tree Pest Manual (3rd ed.). United States Department of Agriculture. http://cues.cfans.umn.edu/2017%20Updates%20CFANS%20Dec%2028%202017/2014%20USDA%20FS%20christmas-tree-pest-manual-3rd-editionlowres.pdf. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Domes, R. (2005-06-30). "Descriptions of three new species on Siskiyou spruce (Picea breweriana S.Wats.), Pinaceae" (in en). Acarologia 45 (1): 67–76. ISSN 0044-586X. https://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/acarologia/article.php?id=29. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 Kiedrowicz, Agnieszka; Lewandowski, Mariusz; Skoracka, Anna (2016-06-01). "Diversity and significance of eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) associated with coniferous trees in Poland: a review" (in en). Biological Letters 53 (1): 19–30. doi:10.1515/biolet-2017-0003. ISSN 1734-7467. 
  16. ↑ "Nalepella breweriana – Plant Parasites of Europe". https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/acari/actinotrichida/prostigmata/eleutherengona/eriophyoidea/phytoptidae/nalepellinae/nalepellini/nalepella/nalepella-breweriana/. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Nalepella danica – Plant Parasites of Europe". https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/acari/actinotrichida/prostigmata/eleutherengona/eriophyoidea/phytoptidae/nalepellinae/nalepellini/nalepella/nalepella-danica/. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Boczek, J.; Harding, S.; Shi, A.; Bresciani, J. (2002-04-19). "A new species of Nalepella Keifer (Acarina: Eriophyoidea: Phytoptidae) from Abies in Denmark" (in en). Acarologia 42 (1): 53–60. ISSN 0044-586X. https://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/acarologia/article.php?id=96. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 (in es) Nalepella ednae, Secretary of environment and natural resources | National forestry commission, http://sivicoff.cnf.gob.mx/ContenidoPublico/08%20Gu%C3%ADas%20de%20s%C3%ADntomas%20y%20da%C3%B1os/Gu%C3%ADas%20de%20s%C3%ADntomas%20y%20da%C3%B1os%20nativas/Nalepella%20Ednae%20Keifer_Version%20Larga.pdf 
  20. ↑ "Manejo del riesgo de introducción de Nalepella ednae y Epitrimerus pseudotsugae para árboles cortados" (in es), Estudio de análisis de riesgo de plagas de los insectos y patógenos exóticos que pueden entrar en los árboles de navidad que se importan de Estados Unidos y Canadá a México [Pest risk analysis study of exotic insects and pathogens that can enter Christmas trees that are imported from the United States and Canada to Mexico]: pp. 355–357, https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/221648/Analisis_de_Riesgo_de_Plagas_de_Arboles_de_navidad.pdf 
  21. ↑ ext_dpla (2014-10-08). "Pest Quarantine Information" (in en). https://pubs.extension.oregonstate.edu/em9093/pest-quarantine-information. 
  22. ↑ "Nalepella ednae – Plant Parasites of Europe". https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/acari/actinotrichida/prostigmata/eleutherengona/eriophyoidea/phytoptidae/nalepellinae/nalepellini/nalepella/nalepella-ednae/. 
  23. ↑ "Nalepella haarlovi – Plant Parasites of Europe". https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/acari/actinotrichida/prostigmata/eleutherengona/eriophyoidea/phytoptidae/nalepellinae/nalepellini/nalepella/nalepella-haarlovi/. 
  24. ↑ Zicha, Ondrej. "BioLib: Biological library". https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1071876/. 
  25. ↑ Hu, D.; Krantz, G.W. (1991-03-01). "A new species of Nalepella keifer (Acari: eriophyoidea: nalepellidae) from conifers in Oregon, USA". International Journal of Acarology 17 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1080/01647959108683878. ISSN 0164-7954. https://doi.org/10.1080/01647959108683878. 
  26. ↑ "Nalepella shevtchenkoi – Plant Parasites of Europe". https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/acari/actinotrichida/prostigmata/eleutherengona/eriophyoidea/phytoptidae/nalepellinae/nalepellini/nalepella/nalepella-shevtchenkoi/. 
  27. ↑ Petanović, R.; Vidović, B. (2009). "NEW ACARICALUS SPECIES (ACARI: ERIOPHYOIDEA) FROM TURKEY OAK, QUERCUS CERRIS L. (FAGACEAE) AND THE NEW RECORDS FOR THE FAUNA OF SERBIA" (in en). Acta Entomologica Serbica. 
  28. ↑ "PESI portal - Nalepella shevtchenkoi Boczek, 1969". https://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:94731. 
  29. ↑ "Hemlock Rust Mite | NC State Extension Publications" (in en-US). https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/hemlock-rust-mite. 
  30. ↑ FRASER FIR SCOUTING MANUAL. NC State Extension. https://christmastrees.ces.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/scouting-manual.pdf?fwd=no. 
  31. ↑ Plant health care for woody ornamentals. pp. 116. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4836163.pdf. 
  32. ↑ Eastern Hemlock Conservation Plan. Ohio Department of Natural Resoures. https://ohiodnr.gov/wps/wcm/connect/gov/0982f684-63b8-4aa5-a877-e61281242fe7/ODNR+Hemlock+Conservation+Plan.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=nJZFkk5. 

Wikidata ☰ Q50690331 entry



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