Biology:Murine norovirus
| Murine norovirus | |
|---|---|
Virus classification 
| |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Riboviria |
| Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
| Phylum: | Pisuviricota |
| Class: | Pisoniviricetes |
| Order: | Picornavirales |
| Family: | Caliciviridae |
| Genus: | Norovirus |
| Virus: | Murine norovirus
|
Murine norovirus (MNV) is a species of norovirus affecting mice. It was first identified in 2003.[1] MNV is commonly used in research to model Human norovirus[2] because the latter is difficult to grow in the laboratory. Standardized cell cultures are used in MNV propagation and the virus naturally infects mice, which allows studies in animal systems.[3]
Virology
Genetics
Like all noroviruses, MNV has linear, non-segmented,[4] positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 7.5 kbp, encoding a large polyprotein which is cleaved into six smaller non-structural proteins (NS1/2 to NS7)[5] by the viral 3C-like protease (NS6), a major structural protein (VP1) of about 58~60 kDa and a minor capsid protein (VP2).[6] In addition to these proteins, MNV is unique amongst the noroviruses in possessing an additional fourth open reading frame overlapping the VP1 coding sequence. This additional reading frame encodes a virulence factor (VF1) which regulates the innate immune response.[7] The 3'UTR of the viral genome forms stem-loop structures which have a role in virulence.[8]
Entry
Entry mechanisms for noroviruses are still largely unknown,[9] but the first proteinaceous receptor mediating norovirus entry was found with experiments on MNV. This receptor, CD300lf, is a membrane glycoprotein, that functions in regulation of multiple immune responses.[10] CD300lf is found on mast cells of both murine species and humans, but definite proof of its function in human norovirus infections remains unknown. In mice however, CD300lf functions in virus binding[11] thus having a role to play in the first steps of viral entry. Binding is essentially mediated by phospholipids of the virus' VP1 protein that bind to a cleft between CDR3 and CC’loop -domains of CD300lf -receptor.[12][13]
References
- ↑ "STAT1-dependent innate immunity to a Norwalk-like virus". Science 299 (5612): 1575–8. March 2003. doi:10.1126/science.1077905. PMID 12624267. Bibcode: 2003Sci...299.1575K.
- ↑ "Attempts to grow human noroviruses, a sapovirus, and a bovine norovirus in vitro". PLOS ONE 13 (2): e0178157. 2018-02-13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178157. PMID 29438433. Bibcode: 2018PLoSO..1378157O.
- ↑ "Model systems for the study of human norovirus Biology". Future Virology 4 (4): 353–367. July 2009. doi:10.2217/fvl.09.18. PMID 21516251.
- ↑ "Viral Zone". ExPASy. http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/194.html.
- ↑ "Norovirus gene expression and replication". The Journal of General Virology 95 (Pt 2): 278–91. February 2014. doi:10.1099/vir.0.059634-0. PMID 24243731.
- ↑ "Organization and expression of calicivirus genes". The Journal of Infectious Diseases 181 (Suppl 2): S309-16. May 2000. doi:10.1086/315575. PMID 10804143.
- ↑ "Norovirus regulation of the innate immune response and apoptosis occurs via the product of the alternative open reading frame 4". PLOS Pathogens 7 (12): e1002413. December 2011. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002413. PMID 22174679.
- ↑ "Functional analysis of RNA structures present at the 3' extremity of the murine norovirus genome: the variable polypyrimidine tract plays a role in viral virulence". Journal of Virology 84 (6): 2859–70. March 2010. doi:10.1128/JVI.02053-09. PMID 20053745.
- ↑ "Recent advances in understanding noroviruses". F1000Research 6: 79. 2017-01-26. doi:10.12688/f1000research.10081.1. PMID 28163914.
- ↑ "Emerging role of CD300 receptors in regulating myeloid cell efferocytosis". Molecular & Cellular Oncology 2 (4): e964625. 2015-10-02. doi:10.4161/23723548.2014.964625. PMID 27308512.
- ↑ "Discovery of a proteinaceous cellular receptor for a norovirus". Science 353 (6302): 933–6. August 2016. doi:10.1126/science.aaf1220. PMID 27540007. Bibcode: 2016Sci...353..933O.
- ↑ "Structural basis for murine norovirus engagement of bile acids and the CD300lf receptor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 (39): E9201–E9210. September 2018. doi:10.1073/pnas.1805797115. PMID 30194229. Bibcode: 2018PNAS..115E9201N.
- ↑ "Functional receptor molecules CD300lf and CD300ld within the CD300 family enable murine noroviruses to infect cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (41): E6248–E6255. October 2016. doi:10.1073/pnas.1605575113. PMID 27681626. Bibcode: 2016PNAS..113E6248H.
Wikidata ☰ Q16986045 entry
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