Biology:Petalichthyida
| Petalichthyida Temporal range: Early Lochkovian - Frasnian
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Lunaspis | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | †Placodermi |
| Order: | †Petalichthyida Jaeckel, 1911 |
| Families | |
Petalichthyida is an extinct order of small, flattened placoderm fish. They are typified by their splayed pectoral fins, exaggerated lateral spines, flattened bodies, and numerous tubercles that decorated all of the plates and scales of their armor. They reached a peak in diversity during the Early Devonian and were found throughout the world, particularly in Europe (especially in Germany), North America, Asia, South America, and Australia. The petalichthids Lunaspis and Wijdeaspis are among the best known. The earliest and most primitive known petalichthyid is Diandongpetalichthys, which is from earliest Devonian-aged strata of Yunnan. The presence of Diandongpetalichthys, along with other primitive petalichthyids including Neopetalichthys and Quasipetalichthys, and more advanced petalichthyids, suggest that the order may have arisen in China, possibly during the late Silurian.
Because they had compressed body forms, it is speculated they were bottom-dwellers that chased after or ambushed smaller fish. Their diet is not clear, as none of the fossil specimens found have preserved mouthparts.
Taxonomy
According to Zhu's 1991 redescription of Diandongpetalichthys,[1] that genus represents the most basal petalichthyid known, as it has a comparatively elongated head, and shares certain anatomical features with acanthothoracids and primitive arthrodires such as the actinolepids. Quasipetalichthys, in turn, strongly resembles Diandongpetalichthys (aside from having a much more square-looking skull).
In Zhu's redescription, "Quasipetalichthyidae" (comprising Quasipetalichthys, Eurycaraspis, and possibly Neopetalichthys) and "Macropetalichthyidae" (comprising all the other "advanced" petalichthyid genera not including Neopetalichthys, or Diandongpetalichthys) form a dichotomy, with Diandongpetalichthys as a sister taxon.[2] Neopetalichthys is treated as an incertae sedis within Petalichthyida that may or may not be placed within or near Quasipetalichthyidae.
Timeline of genera
<timeline> ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px
Period = from:-416 till:-359.2 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:-416 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-416 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify
Colors =
#legends id:CAR value:claret id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) id:HER value:teal id:HAD value:green id:OMN value:blue id:black value:black id:white value:white id:paleozoic value:rgb(0.6,0.75,0.55) id:cambrian value:rgb(0.49,0.63,0.33) id:ordovician value:rgb(0,0.57,0.44) id:silurian value:rgb(0.70,0.88,0.71) id:devonian value:rgb(0.8,0.55,0.22) id:earlydevonian value:rgb(0.90,0.71,0.43) id:middledevonian value:rgb(0.96,0.81,0.51) id:latedevonian value:rgb(0.96,0.89,0.71) id:carboniferous value:rgb(0.4,0.65,0.6) id:mississippian value:rgb(0.4,0.56,0.4) id:pennsylvanian value:rgb(0.8,0.77,0.53) id:permian value:rgb(0.94,0.25,0.24) id:mesozoic value:rgb(0.38,0.77,0.79) id:triassic value:rgb(0.51,0.17,0.57) id:jurassic value:rgb(0.2,0.7,0.79) id:cretaceous value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31) id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.95,0.98,0.11) id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.50)
BarData=
bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM1 bar:NAM2 bar:NAM3 bar:NAM4 bar:NAM5 bar:NAM6 bar:NAM7 bar:NAM8 bar:NAM9 bar:NAM10 bar:NAM11 bar:NAM12 bar:NAM13
bar:space bar:period bar:space bar:era
PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: -416 till: -411.2 color:earlydevonian text:Lochkovian from: -411.2 till: -407 color:earlydevonian text:Pragian from: -407 till: -397.5 color:earlydevonian text:Emsian from: -397.5 till: -391.8 color:middledevonian text:Eifelian from: -391.8 till: -385.3 color:middledevonian text:Givetian from: -385.3 till: -374.5 color:latedevonian text:Frasnian from: -374.5 till: -359.2 color:latedevonian text:Famennian
bar:eratop from: -416 till: -359.2 color:devonian text:Devonian
PlotData=
align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left
color:earlydevonian bar:NAM1 from: -416 till: -411.2 text: Diandongpetalichthys color:earlydevonian bar:NAM2 from: -407 till: -397.5 text: Neopetalichthys color:earlydevonian bar:NAM3 from: -407 till: -397.5 text: Notopetalichthys color:earlydevonian bar:NAM4 from: -407 till: -397.5 text: Shearsbyaspis color:earlydevonian bar:NAM5 from: -407 till: -391.8 text: Wijdeaspis color:earlydevonian bar:NAM6 from: -400.67 till: -397.5 text: Lunaspis color:middledevonian bar:NAM8 from: -397.5 till: -391.8 text: Xinanpetalichthys color:middledevonian bar:NAM9 from: -397.5 till: -385.3 text: Macropetalichthys color:middledevonian bar:NAM10 from: -387.47 till: -385.3 text: Ellopetalichthys color:middledevonian bar:NAM11 from: -387.47 till: -385.3 text: Eurycaraspis color:middledevonian bar:NAM12 from: -387.47 till: -385.3 text: Quasipetalichthys color:latedevonian bar:NAM13 from: -378.1 till: -374.5 text: Epipetalichthys
PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 bar:period from: -416 till: -411.2 color:earlydevonian text:Lochkovian from: -411.2 till: -407 color:earlydevonian text:Pragian from: -407 till: -397.5 color:earlydevonian text:Emsian from: -397.5 till: -391.8 color:middledevonian text:Eifelian from: -391.8 till: -385.3 color:middledevonian text:Givetian from: -385.3 till: -374.5 color:latedevonian text:Frasnian from: -374.5 till: -359.2 color:latedevonian text:Famennian
bar:era from: -416 till: -359.2 color:devonian text:Devonian
</timeline>
References
- ↑ Zhu, M. "New information on Diandongpetalichthys (Placodermi: Petalichthyida)." Early vertebrates and related problems of evolutionary biology. Science Press, Beijing (1991): 179-192.
- ↑ Zhu, Min; Wang, Junqing (October 1996). "A NEW MACROPETALICHTHYID FROM CHINA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF THE MACROPETALICHTHYIDAE (PLACODERMI)". Vertebrata PalAsiatica 34 (4): 253–268. http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200812/W020090813369930445831.pdf.
Sources
- Long, John A. The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. ISBN:0-8018-5438-5
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Placodermi entry)". Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: 560. http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=564&rank=class. Retrieved 2011-05-20.
Wikidata ☰ Q147585 entry
 |  |
