Biology:Iris kirkwoodiae

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Short description: Species of plant

Iris kirkwoodiae
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Oncocyclus
Species:
I. kirkwoodiae
Binomial name
Iris kirkwoodiae
Chaudhary
Synonyms[1]
  • Iris kirkwoodiae subsp. kirkwoodiae
  • Chaudhary, G.Kirkw. & C.Weymouth Iris kirkwoodiae var. macrotepala

Iris kirkwoodiae (or Iris kirkwoodii) is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Syria and Turkey. It has white or pale greenish flowers, heavily covered with dark purple veins or dots, deep purple round signal and a beard of long brown/purple hairs. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Description

The forms of Iris kirkwoodiae are between Iris gatesii and the also dark-veined Iris sofarana.[2][3] It is also very similar in form to Iris susiana.[4]

It has a stout and compact rhizome,[2] which is stoloniferous and between 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) long, underneath the rhizome are long secondary roots, which help feed the plant mineral salts from the soil.[5]

It has 6-7 leaves, which grow up 30 cm (12 in) tall and between 0.5–2 cm (0.20–0.79 in) wide,[2][5] They are falcate,[2] or sickle shaped.[5]

It is tall,[6] growing up to between 30–75 cm (12–30 in) tall.[7][3][8]

It blooms between April and May,[2][9][5] with large,[5][3][10] sphere-like flowers.[6] It was determined that the plants found in Maras, Turkey seem to have the largest flowered forms.[2] It has a faint pleasant scent.[5]

The flowers are between 13–18 cm (5.1–7.1 in) in diameter,[2][5] and come in shades of beige,[5] white or pale greenish ground,[3][8][7] which is covered with violet,[3] or dark purple veins and spots.[2][9]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[11]:17 The standards are generally paler than the falls.[2] The standards are 7–10.5 cm (2.8–4.1 in) long and are 6–8 cm (2.4–3.1 in) wide. The deflexed falls,[3] have a deep purple round or obovate signal patch,[2][8] and in the centre of the fall, is a sparse,[2] purple or brownish-purple beard.[7][8] Occasionally forms have a red-brown or yellow beard.[2]

It has style arms which have erect or reflexed lobes.[2]

After it has flowered, it produces a seed capsule that is about 9 cm (3.5 in) long.[2]

Genetics

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[11]:18 It was counted as 2n=20,[5][7] by Avishai and Zohary in 1977.[6]

Taxonomy

It is known as Maras kurtkulağı in Turkish.[9][12] and it is written in Hebrew as איריס קירקווד .[13]

Specimens of the iris were collected by E. K. Balls and also by S. Albury, M. Cheese, and J. Watson in 1966, from Bishmishly, Northern Syria and Amanus Mountains, Turkey.[8] It was then originally described and published as Iris kirkwoodii in 'Botaniska Notiser', Vol.125 Issue 4 on page 499 in 1972.[1][8][14]

The specific epithet kirkwoodii, refers to Mrs Grace Kirkwood. A botanist along with Shaukat A. Chaudhary and Carolyne Weymouth first published and described other 'Section Oncocyclus' irises Iris assadiana and Iris swensoniana. With the standard form of G.Kirkw.[15] It was later published in Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1984). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 8: 381–450. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.[8]

The spelling of the iris was corrected in accordance with Melbourne ICN Art. 60.12 and Rec. 60C.1(b) in 2011 to Iris kirkwoodiae, because Grace Kirkwood was a woman but much of the older published literature has the old spelling as I. Kirkwoodii.[8][14][16][17]

Iris kirkwoodiae was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated 21 May 2013.[17] Although Iris kirkwoodiiis listed in the RHS Plant Finder 2017 and it is a tentatively accepted name.[18]

In February 2016, several 'Section Oncocyclus' irises Iris paradoxa, Iris iberica, Iris barnumiae, I. kirkwoodiae, Iris sofarana were resolved as monophyletic.[6]

It has 2 synonyms that are often called subspecies of Iris kirkwoodiae; Iris kirkwoodiae ssp. calcarea,[6][19][20] (or Iris calcerea,[21]) and Iris kirkwoodiae ssp. macrotepala.[5] Iris kirkwoodiae ssp. macrotepala is sometimes referred to as a variety, such as Iris kirkwoodiae var. macrotepala. Having longer leaves and slightly different flowers,[2][7] it was also published in 1976 in 'Bot. Not.' Vol.128:[8]

Distribution and habitat

Iris kirkwoodii is native to temperate areas of western Asia.[17][14]

Range

It is found in Syria,[6][9][14] (near Aleppo,[10][3] Bismishly and el Bara,[2]) Turkey,[17][5][22] (within the districts of Maras,[9][23] Gazintep and Hatay,[2][9]) and Lebanon.[14]

Habitat

It grows on the limestone rocks,[3][10] and stones,[2] and between cultivated fields.[3] It is normally found at 750–1,700 m (2,460–5,580 ft) above sea level.[2]

Conservation

The plant is considered 'rare,[5] as its natural habitat on Mount Ahır is threatened with destruction, due to the construction of houses and associated effects, road construction and the alteration to vineyards and gardens.[9]

Cultivation

It likes to grow in rocky soils, which stay dry in summer.[5]

Hybrids and cultivars

Iris kirkwoodii has several known crosses, such as: 'Code Of Silence', 'Delicate Embroidery', 'Diamond Tiara',[24] 'Engraved Invitation' (I. calcarea x I. yebrudii v. edgecombii),[25] 'Known Only To Him', 'Prim And Proper'.[8]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[26]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Iris kirkwoodiae Chaudhary is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322009. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 79, at Google Books
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 "Iris kirkwoodii kirkwoodii JJA.590.256". rareplants.co.uk. https://www.rareplants.co.uk/product/iris-kirkwoodii-kirkwoodii-jja-590-256/. 
  4. ↑ "Iris kirkwoodiae". blogspot.co.uk. 8 May 2016. http://mcwort.blogspot.co.uk/2016/05/iris-kirkwoodii-iris-kirkwoodii-iris.html. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 "Chapter I (Part 5) Oncocyclus II" (in fr). irisbotanique.over-blog.com. http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-ii-iris-a-touffe-et-autre-partie3-106518511.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Wilson, Carol A.; Padiernos, Justin; Sapir, Yuval (February 2016). "The royal irises (Iris subg. Iris sect. Oncocyclus): Plastid and low-copy nuclear data contribute to an understanding of their phylogenetic relationships". Taxon 65 (1): 35–46. doi:10.12705/651.3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296668248. Retrieved 4 January 2018. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "Iris summary". pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 Pries, Bob (26 August 2016). "(SPEC) Iris kirkwoodiae Chaud.". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). http://wiki.irises.org/Spec/SpecKirkwoodiae. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 "PROJECT FOR MARAŞ KURTKULAĞI" (in tr). marasposta.com. 31 May 2017. http://www.marasposta.com/tr-tr/haberler/5767/maras-kurtkulagi-icin-proje. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Basak Gardner & Chris Gardner Flora of the Silk Road: The Complete Illustrated Guide, p. 201, at Google Books
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-730-9. 
  12. ↑ "NEWS Maras Kurtkulağı News". marastanhaber.com.tr. http://www.marastanhaber.com.tr/Mara%C5%9F%20Kurtkula%C4%9F%C4%B1-haberleri.htm. 
  13. ↑ "Iris kirkwoodiae - איריס קירקווד". jbg.gardenexplorer.org. https://jbg.gardenexplorer.org/taxon-7851.aspx. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 "Iridaceae Iris kirkwoodiae Chaudhary". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=438758-1. 
  15. ↑ "Kirkwood, Grace (fl. 1975)". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idAuthorSearch.do?id=20002926-2. 
  16. ↑ "Aril Irises". pacificbulbsociety.org. http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/ArilIrises. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Iris kirkwoodiae | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 2 January 2018 }}
  18. ↑ "Iris kirkwoodii". www.rhs.org.uk. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/50144/Iris-kirkwoodii/Details. 
  19. ↑ "Iris kirkwoodii calcarea". rareplants.co.uk. https://www.rareplants.co.uk/product/iris-kirkwoodii-calcarea/. 
  20. ↑ Achilles, H.. "Iris kirkwoodiae spp. calcarea". signa.org. http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-kirkwoodiae-spp.-calcarea. 
  21. ↑ Tabbaa, Dr. Darem. "Syrian Iris Flowers for the celebration of the International Day for Biodiversity 2009". cbd.int. https://www.cbd.int/doc/bioday/2009/idb-2009-syria-iris-en.pdf. 
  22. ↑ "Conserving wild plants and habitats for people in the South and East Mediterranean (IPA-Med)". rubiconfoundation.org. http://www.rubiconfoundation.org/?baslik=conserving_wild_plants_and_habitats_for_people_in_the_south_and_east_mediterranean_ipamed&page=2&a=121&b=1&c=1. 
  23. ↑ "Plant love in Turkey: from field monitoring to handcrafts design". uicnmed.org. August 2016. http://www.uicnmed.org/newsletter/2016/plant_love_in_turkey_from_field_monitoring_to_handcrafts_design_.htm. 
  24. ↑ Pries, Bob (24 April 2017). "(AR) 'Diamond Tiara'". American Iris Society. http://wiki.irises.org/Ar/ArDiamondTiara. 
  25. ↑ McAllister, Sharon. "(AB) 'Engraved Invitation'". American Iris Society. http://wiki.irises.org/Ab/AbEngravedInvitation. 
  26. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants, p. 236, at Google Books

Other sources

  • Davis, P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. 1965-1988 (F Turk)
  • Mathew, B. The Iris. 1981 (Iris) 53–54.

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q15571138 entry



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