Biology:Herbicide safener
Herbicide safeners are organic compounds used to enhance the effectiveness of herbicides, to make them "safer". They minimize the effect of the herbicide on crop plants, thereby improving selectivity between crop plants vs. weed species being targeted by the herbicide.[1][2] One way that they function is by enhancing the expression of protective enzymes in the crop plant.[3] These protective enzymes might include cytochrome P450.[4] Herbicide safeners can be used to pretreat crop seeds prior to planting, or they can be sprayed on plants as a mixture with the herbicide.
Inventory
thumb|right|190px|Flurazole is a safener applied to sorghum. After the discovery of the safener properties of naphthalic anhydride,[5] additional safeners were reported. They are associated with particular crops, such as benoxacor for maize and flurazole for sorghum.[6]
Approximately 20 safeners were in use in 2023. The inventory:[7]
- benoxacor
- BPCMS
- cloquintocet
- cyometrinil
- cyprosulfamide
- dichlormid
- dicyclonon
- dietholate
- fenchlorazole
- fenclorim
- flurazole
- fluxofenim
- furilazole
- isoxadifen
- jiecaowan
- jiecaoxi
- mefenpyr
- mephenate
- metcamifen
- naphthalic anhydride
- oxabetrinil
These safeners have been classified according to structural motifs.[4]
Further reading
- Review: Davies, Joanna; Caseley, John C. (1999). "Herbicide safeners: A review". Pesticide Science 55 (11): 1043–1058. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199911)55:11<1043::AID-PS60>3.0.CO;2-L.
- Early pioneering report: Hoffmann, Otto L. (1953). "Inhibition of Auxin Effects by 2,4,6-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid". Plant Physiology 28 (4): 622–628. doi:10.1104/pp.28.4.622. PMID 16654579.
References
- ↑ Abu-Qare, AW; Duncan, HJ (2002). "Herbicide safeners: Uses, limitations, metabolism, and mechanisms of action". Chemosphere 48 (9): 965–74. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00185-6. PMID 12222792. Bibcode: 2002Chmsp..48..965A.
- ↑ Davies, Joanna (2001). "Herbicide safeners - commercial products and tools for agrochemical research". Pesticide Outlook 12: 10–15. doi:10.1039/B100799H.
- ↑ Riechers, Dean E.; Kreuz, Klaus; Zhang, Qin (2010). "Detoxification without Intoxication: Herbicide Safeners Activate Plant Defense Gene Expression". Plant Physiology 153 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1104/pp.110.153601. PMID 20237021.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Zhao, Yaning; Ye, Fei; Fu, Ying (2023). "Research Progress on the Action Mechanism of Herbicide Safeners: A Review". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 71 (8): 3639–3650. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08815. PMID 36794646.
- ↑ Elmore, Matthew T.; Brosnan, James T.; Armel, Gregory R.; Vargas, Jose J.; Breeden, Gregory K. (2015). "Influence of Herbicide Safeners on Creeping Bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera ) Tolerance to Herbicides". Weed Technology 29 (3): 550–560. doi:10.1614/WT-D-14-00045.1.
- ↑ Su, Lei; Caywood, Leandra M.; Sivey, John D.; Dai, Ning (2019). "Sunlight Photolysis of Safener Benoxacor and Herbicide Metolachlor as Mixtures on Simulated Soil Surfaces". Environmental Science & Technology 53 (12): 6784–6793. doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b01243. PMID 31132254. Bibcode: 2019EnST...53.6784S.
- ↑ "Compendium of Pesticide Common Names Herbicide Safeners". http://www.bcpcpesticidecompendium.org/class_herbicide_safeners.html.
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