Biology:Helochares

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Short description: Genus of beetles

Helochares
Helochares lividus (Forster, 1771) (3068374952).jpg
Helochares lividus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Coleoptera
Family:
Hydrophilidae
Subfamily:
Acidocerinae
Genus:
Helochares

Mulsant, 1844
Diversity
158 species + 3 subspecies
Synonyms
  • Helophilus Mulsant, 1844
  • Pylophilus Motschulsky, 1845
  • Hydrobaticus MacLeay, 1871
  • Helocharimorphus Kuwert, 1890
  • Graphelochares Kuwert, 1890
  • Grapidelochares Ganglbauer, 1904

Helochares is a genus of water scavenger beetles in the family Hydrophilidae, represented by 161 described species. It is distributed across the Afrotropical, Australasian, Indo-Malayan, Nearctic, and Palearctic realms. [1]

Taxonomy

Helochares is one of the largest and most taxonomically problematic genera within the Acidocerinae. It was originally described by Étienne Mulsant in 1844. [2]

For a long time Helochares contained five subgenera: Batochares (currently recognized as a separate genus [3]), Helochares, Helocharimorphus (now synonymized under Helochares [1]), Hydrobaticus (now synonymized under Helochares [1]), and Sindolus (currently regognized as a separate genus [3]).

Several taxa that used to be recognized as typical Helochares are now assigned to newly created genera (e.g., Colossochares, Novochares) or re-assigned to exinsting genera (i.e., Peltochares), based on a phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data. [3]

Description

As currently defined, Helochares contains small to medium-sized beetles (2–7 mm), which are yellowish to brown in coloration. There is a lot of variation in the impression of the elytral punctation, and the aedeagal forms are also highly variable (see Figure 37 in Girón and Short 2021).[1] A detailed diagnosis can be found in Girón and Short 2021. [1]

Species

References



  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Girón, Jennifer C.; Short, Andrew Edward Z. (2021-06-18). "The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species". ZooKeys (1045): 1–236. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810. ISSN 1313-2970. PMID 34228772. PMC 8233300. https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/63810/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mulsant, E. (1844). Histoire naturelle des coléoptères de France: Palpicornes. 5. Maison. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9628710. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Short, Andrew Edward Z.; Girón, Jennifer C.; Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A. (2021). "Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America" (in en). Systematic Entomology 46 (2): 380–395. doi:10.1111/syen.12467. ISSN 1365-3113. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/syen.12467. 
  4. ↑ Balfour-Browne, J. (1952). "Contribution à l'étude du peuplement de la Mauritanie. Coléoptères Hydrophilides". Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire 14 (2): 513–517. 
  5. ↑ d’Orchymont, A. (1939). "L'Helochares minutissimus Kuwert, vrai". Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 79: 196–198. 
  6. ↑ d’Orchymont, A. (1943). "Nouvelles notes sur les Helochares (Hydrobaticus) (Coleoptera Palpi-cornia Hydrophilidae)". Bulletin du Musée royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique 19 (20): 1–12. 
  7. ↑ d’Orchymont, A. (1943). "Nouvelles notes sur les Helochares (Hydrobaticus). (Coleoptera Palpicornia Hydrophilidae)". Bulletin du Musée royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique 19 (20): 1–12. 
  8. ↑ Balfour-Browne, J. (1947-12-01). "LXXV.—New East African Palpicornia". Annals and Magazine of Natural History 14 (120): 817–833. doi:10.1080/00222934708654695. ISSN 0374-5481. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222934708654695. 
  9. ↑ d’Orchymont, A. (1943). "Palpicornia (Coleoptera) VI". Bulletin du Musée royal d'histoire na-turelle de Belgique 19 (60): 1–12. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Sharp, David (1890). "IX. On some aquatic Coleoptera from Ceylon." (in en). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 38 (2): 339–359. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1890.tb03026.x. ISSN 1365-2311. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1890.tb03026.x. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Hebauer, F. (2001). "Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Hydrophilidae von Neuguinea. Ergebnisse der zoologischen Forschungsreisen von M. Balke und L. Hendrich nach West Neuguinea (Irian Jaya) in den Jahren 1990–1998 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)". Acta Coleopterologica 17 (1): 3–72. 
  12. ↑ d’Orchymont, A. (1939). "Helochares (Hydrobaticus) Andreinii n. sp. H. melanophthalmus Régimbart, 1905 (nec Mulsant, non Reiche)". Redia 25: 319–323. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Hebauer, F. (1996). "Synopsis der afrikanischen Arten der Gattung Helochares Mulsant (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae)". Acta Coleopterologica 12: 3–38. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Watts, C.H.S. (1995). "Revision of the Australasian genera Agraphydrus Rogimbart, Chasmogenus Sharp and Helochares Mulsant (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)". Records of the South Australian Museum 28 (1): 113–130. 
  15. ↑ Hansen, M. (1999). World catalogue of insects (Volume 2). Hydrophiloidea (s. str.) (Coleoptera). Stenstrup: Apollo Books. pp. 414 pp. 
  16. ↑ Balfour-Browne, J (1957). "Contributions à l'étude de la faune entomologique du Ruanda-Urun-di (Mission P. Basilewsky 1953). CXVIII. Coleoptera Hydrophilidae". Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Zool 58: 14–25. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Hebauer, F. (2009). "Five new species of the genus Helochares MacLeay, 1871 from Gabon and the Congo (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)". Acta Coleopterologica 25: 3–8. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Hebauer, F. (1998). "Six new species of the genus Helochares Mulsant, 1844, subgenus Hydrobaticus Mac Leay, 1871 from Africa and Asia (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)". Acta Coleopterologica 14: 41–46. 
  19. ↑ Sharp, D. (1882). Fam. Hydrophilidae. In: Biologia Centrali-Americana Insecta. Coleoptera. Volume 1. Part 2. 1. pp. 53–80. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/577106. 
  20. ↑ Balfour-Browne, J. (1952). "Mission A. Villiers au Togo et au Dahomey (1950). VII. Coléoptères Hydrophilides". Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire 14: 126–139. 
  21. ↑ Hebauer, Franz (1995). "Die Hydrophilidae und Spercheidae Namibias Unter Berücksichtigung des Materials der Namibia-Expedition des Museums für Naturkunde Berlin 1992, ergänzt durch Nachweise aus früheren Namibia- und Kalahari-Expeditionen (Coleoptera, Hydrophiloidea : Hydrophilidae et Spercheidae)" (in de). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Zoologisches Museum und Institut für Spezielle Zoologie (Berlin) 71 (2): 251–275. doi:10.1002/mmnz.19950710206. ISSN 1860-0743. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mmnz.19950710206. 
  22. ↑ Balfour-Browne, J. (1950). "On the aquatic Coleoptera of Northern Rhodesia (Dytiscidae, Gyr-inidae and Palpicornia)". Occasional Papers of the National Museums of Southern Rhodesia 2 (16): 359–399. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Boheman, C. H. (1851). Insecta Caffrariæ annis 1838–1845 a J. A. Wahlberg col-lecta (Vol. 1). Coleoptera. Holmiæ: Fritze & Norstedt. pp. 625 pp. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9907494. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Yang, Zhenming; Jia, Fenglong; Tang, Yudan; Jiang, Lu (2021-12-16). "Two new species of Helochares, with additional faunistic records from China (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Acidocerinae)" (in en). ZooKeys (1078): 57–83. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1078.73458. ISSN 1313-2970. PMID 35068953. PMC 8702532. https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/73458/. 
  25. ↑ Hebauer, F. (2003). "Checklist of the Malagasy Helochares with description of a new species (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)". Acta Coleopterologica 19 (1): 67–69. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Hebauer, F. (1995). "Neues zu den Acidocerina Hansen (Helocharae d'Orchymont) der indomalaiischen Region (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae)". Acta Coleopterologica 11 (3): 3–14. 
  27. ↑ Hendrich, Lars; Yang, C.M. (1999). "A contribution to the knowledge of the water beetle fauna of Palau Tioman, peninsular Malaysia (Coleoptera: Noteridae, Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae, Hydraenidae, Scirtidae, Limnichidae)". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 6: 253–262. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150725022241/https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/nus/pdf/PUBLICATION/Raffles%20Bulletin%20of%20Zoology/Supplements/Supplement%206/s6rbz253-262.pdf. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Dong, Xue; Bian, Dongju (2021-03-29). "Three new species and two new records of Helochares (Hydrobaticus) MacLeay, 1871 from China (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae)". Zootaxa 4950 (1): 166–180. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4950.1.9. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 33903325. https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4950.1.9. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 Short, A. E. Z.; Girón, J. C. (2018-04-09). "Review of the Helochares (Hydrobaticus) MacLeay of the New World (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae)". Zootaxa 4407 (1): 29–50. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.2. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 29690204. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.2. 
  30. ↑ Hansen, Michael; Hebauer, Franz (1988-01-01). "A new species of Helochares from Israel, with a key to the European and some Near East species (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)" (in en). Insect Systematics & Evolution 19 (1): 27–30. doi:10.1163/187631289X00023. ISSN 1876-312X. https://brill.com/view/journals/ise/19/1/article-p27_2.xml. 
  31. ↑ Hebauer, F. (1988). "Hydrophiloidea aus Namibia (Coleoptera; Hydrophilidae, Spercheidae)". Bonner zoologische Beiträge 39: 153–161. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 Hebauer, F. (2002). "New Hydrophilidae of the Old World (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae)". Acta Coleopterologica 18 (3): 3–24. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Hebauer, Franz; Hendrich, Lars (1999). "Two new species of Helochares from Northern Australia (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)". Entomological Problems 30 (1): 47–51. 
  34. ↑ Mart, Abdullah; Incekara, Umit; Karaca, Hanifi (2010). "A new species and records of Hydrophiliae (Coleoptera) from Turkey". Turkish Journal of Zoology 34: 297–303. doi:10.3906/zoo-0905-29. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150725014442/http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/issues/zoo-10-34-3/zoo-34-3-3-0905-29.pdf. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Hebauer, F. (1999). "Neue und wenig bekannte Hydrophiloidea aus dem südlichen Afrika (Co-leoptera: Hydrophiloidea)". Acta Coleopterologica 15 (2): 7–16. 
  36. ↑ Sharp, D. (1869). "Description of a new species of Philhydrus". Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 5: 240–241. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43229950. 
  37. ↑ Kuwert, A. (1890). "Bestimmungs-Tabellen der europäischen Coleopteren. XIX. Heft. Hydroph-ilidae. I. Abteilung: Hydrophilini". Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins in Brünn 28 [1889]: 1–121. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43763386. 
  38. ↑ Matsui, E. (1995). "A new species of the genus Helochares (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) from Japan, with a key to the Japanese species of the subgenus Hydrobaticus". Special Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Coleopterology 4: 317–322. 
  39. ↑ Hebauer, Franz; Hendrich, Lars; Balke, Michael (1999). "A contribution to the knowledge of the water beetle fauna (Col. Hydradephaga, Hydrophiloidea and Staphylinoidea) of a tropical freshwater lake: Tasek Cini, Pahang, West Malaysia". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 47 (2): 333–348. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150725021302/http://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/nus/pdf/PUBLICATION/Raffles%20Bulletin%20of%20Zoology/Past%20Volumes/RBZ%2047(2)/47rbz333-348.pdf. 
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