Biology:Andromonoecy

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Andromonoecy is a breeding system of plant species in which male and hermaphrodite flowers are on the same plant.[1] It is a monomorphic sexual system comparable with monoecy, gynomonoecy and trimonoecy.[2] Andromonoecy is frequent among genera with zygomorphic flowers,[3] however it is overall rare and occurs in less than 2% of plant species. Nonetheless the breeding system has gained interest among biologists in the study of sex expression.[4]

Etymology

The word andromonoecious is a combination of andr- (meaning male) and monoecious and was first used in 1877.[5]

Prevalence

Andromonoecy is uncommon and has been estimated to occur in less than 2% of plant species.[4] In angiosperms, it occurs in 1.7% of angiosperms making up around 4000 species in 33 families.[6][7] It is common in the grass subfamily Panicoideae.[8]

Andromonoecious species

Solanum

Evolution

Some authors view andromonoecy as a transitional state from hermaphroditism to monoecy.[11] It has been suggested that andromonoecy evolved from hermaphroditism due to the loss of female structures.[9]

Andromonoecy is also considered an evolutionary step towards dioecy.[15] If female flowers are better at producing seeds than hermaphroditic ones, andromonoecy could evolve towards monoecy.[16]

References

  1. ↑ Allaby, Michael (2015), "andromonoecious" (in en), A Dictionary of Ecology (Oxford University Press), doi:10.1093/acref/9780191793158.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-179315-8, https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191793158.001.0001/acref-9780191793158-e-289, retrieved 2021-07-06 
  2. ↑ Torices, Rubén; Méndez, Marcos; Gómez, José María (2011). "Where do monomorphic sexual systems fit in the evolution of dioecy? Insights from the largest family of angiosperms" (in en). New Phytologist 190 (1): 234–248. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03609.x. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 21219336. 
  3. ↑ Wilson, Karen L.; Morrison, David A. (2000) (in en). Monocots: Systematics and Evolution: Systematics and Evolution. Csiro Publishing. pp. 310. ISBN 978-0-643-09929-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC&dq=Andromonoecy+evolution&pg=PA310. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Pugnaire, Francisco; Valladares, Fernando (2007-06-20) (in en). Functional Plant Ecology. CRC Press. pp. 524. ISBN 978-1-4200-0762-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=Fqc-_Zv3jIMC&dq=Andromonoecious&pg=PA524. 
  5. ↑ "Definition of ANDROMONOECIOUS" (in en). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/andromonoecious. 
  6. ↑ Kouonon, L. C.; Jacquemart, A.-L.; Zoro Bi, A. I.; Bertin, P.; Baudoin, J.-P.; Dje, Y. (2009-08-11). "Reproductive biology of the andromonoecious Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis (Cucurbitaceae)". Annals of Botany 104 (6): 1129–1139. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp196. ISSN 0305-7364. PMID 19671577. 
  7. ↑ Huang, Shuang-Quan (2003). "Flower dimorphism and the maintenance of andromonoecy in Sagittaria guyanensis ssp. lappula (Alismataceae)" (in en). New Phytologist 157 (2): 357–364. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00676.x. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 33873632. https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00676.x. 
  8. ↑ Kellogg, Elizabeth A. (2015) (in en). Flowering Plants. Monocots: Poaceae. Springer. pp. 93. ISBN 978-3-319-15332-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=1V51CQAAQBAJ&dq=evolution+Gynomonoecy&pg=PA93. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Glover, Beverley (2014) (in en). Understanding Flowers and Flowering Second Edition. Oxford University Press. pp. 139. ISBN 978-0-19-966159-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=uXMVDAAAQBAJ&dq=andromonoecious&pg=PA139. 
  10. ↑ Reuther, Kerstin; Claßen-Bockhoff, Regine (2013). "Andromonoecy and developmental plasticity in Chaerophyllum bulbosum (Apiaceae–Apioideae)". Annals of Botany 112 (8): 1495–1503. doi:10.1093/aob/mct073. ISSN 0305-7364. PMID 23585495. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Casimiro-Soriguer, R.; Herrera, J.; Talavera, S. (2012). "Andromonoecy in an Old World Papilionoid legume, Erophaca baetica". Plant Biology 15 (2): 353–359. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00648.x. ISSN 1435-8603. PMID 22823201. 
  12. ↑ Lüttge, Ulrich; Cánovas, Francisco M.; Matyssek, Rainer (2016) (in en). Progress in Botany 77. Springer. pp. 361. ISBN 978-3-319-25688-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=3mNBDAAAQBAJ&dq=andromonoecious&pg=PA361. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Chapman, Mark A. (2019-05-30) (in en). The Eggplant Genome. Springer. pp. 16. ISBN 978-3-319-99208-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=2OmaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Andromonoecious&pg=PA16. 
  14. ↑ Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019) (in en). The Biology of Reproduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 135. ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=AKGsDwAAQBAJ&q=Gynomonoecy. 
  15. ↑ Muzzalupo, Innocenzo (2012) (in en). Olive Germplasm: The Olive Cultivation, Table Olive and Olive Oil Industry in Italy. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-953-51-0883-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=x-iPDwAAQBAJ&dq=Andromonoecy+evolution&pg=PA78. 
  16. ↑ Patiny, Sébastien (2011) (in en). Evolution of Plant-Pollinator Relationships. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34. ISBN 978-1-139-50407-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=lOMT3R2EpMIC&dq=Andromonoecy+evolution&pg=PA34. 



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