Astronomy:Sharpless catalog

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Sharpless catalog

The Sharpless catalog is a list of 313 H II regions (emission nebulae) intended to be comprehensive north of declination −27°. (It does include some nebulae south of that declination as well.) The first edition was published in 1953 with 142 objects (Sh1), and the second and final version was published by US astronomer Stewart Sharpless in 1959 with 312 objects. Sharpless also includes some planetary nebulae and supernova remnants, in addition to H II regions.[1]

In 1953 Stewart Sharpless joined the staff of the United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station,[2] where he surveyed and cataloged H II regions of the Milky Way using the images from the Palomar Sky Survey. From this work Sharpless published his catalog of H II regions in two editions: the first in 1953, with 142 nebula;[3] and the second and final edition in 1959, with 312 nebulae.[2][4]

Sharpless coordinates are based on the star catalogs Bonner Durchmusterung (BD) and Cordoba Durchmusterung (CD), but the second release was adjusted to the 1900 epoch.[1]

In the second release, some coordinates for southern hemisphere regions have an uncertainty over 1 minute of arc.[1] This can make them difficult to find, so a revised catalog called BFS (Blitz, Fich and Stark) was released[1] with 65 new regions and about 20 removals.[1] Most of the removed items were the aforementioned nebula or remnants.[1]

The 312 items in Sharpless sometimes overlap with the 110 Messier objects (M), 7,840 objects in the New General Catalogue (NGC), the Caldwell catalogue (itself a "best of" from other catalogues, with 109 items), and the RCW catalog. Contemporary catalogs were Gum and RCW, but they mainly covered the southern hemisphere.

Examples

Examples of second Sharpless (1958 version) catalog; click on image for image credit, most of which are either various amateur astronomers, the ESO, ESA, or NASA

Sh2 No. A common name Images Names and designations
6 Bug Nebula NGC 6302HST.jpg Sh2-6, NGC 6302, Bug Nebula,

PK 349+01 1, Butterfly Nebula, RCW 124, Gum 60, Caldwell 69

8 NGC 6334 NGC 6334.jpg ESO 392-EN 009, Sharpless 8, RCW 127, Gum 64, NGC 6334
11 War and Peace Nebula EmissionNebula NGC6357.jpg Sh2-11, NGC 6357, RCW 131, Gum 66, War and Peace Nebula
25 Lagoon Nebula M8HunterWilson.jpg Sh2 25, RCW 146, Gum 72, Messier 8
29 Sharpless 29 Nebulae Sharpless-29.jpg Sh2 29
30 Trifid Nebula Trifid.nebula.arp.750pix.jpg Sh2 30, Messier 20, NGC 6514, RCW 147, Gum 76
45 Omega Nebula ESO-The Omega Nebula-phot-25a-09-fullres.jpg Omega Nebula, Messier 17, NGC 6618, Swan Nebula, Sharpless 45, RCW 160, Gum 81
49 Eagle Nebula Eagle Nebula from ESO.jpg Sh2 49, Messier 16, NGC 6611, RCW 165, Gum 83
64 W 40 W40 star-forming region (no arrow).jpg Sh2 64, RCW 174
101 Tulip Nebula Tulip-Nebula.jpg Sharpless 101, Cygnus Star Cloud
105 Crescent Nebula Crescenthunter.jpg Sh2 105, NGC 6888, Sharpless 105, Caldwell 27
106 Celestial Snow Angel Star-forming region S106 (captured by the Hubble Space Telescope).jpg Sh2-106, Celestial Snow Angel
117 North America Nebula North-America-nebula.jpeg NGC 7000, Caldwell 20
125 Cocoon Nebula CocoonHunterWilson.jpg IC 5146, Caldwell 19
140 Sh2-140 Ssc2004-07a.jpg Sh2-140.jpg Sh2-140
155 Cave Nebula Cave Nebula.jpg Sh2-155, Caldwell 9
158 NGC 7538 NGC 7538 - Sh-2 158.jpg Sh2-158, NGC 7538
162 Bubble Nebula NGC 7635 (vivid).jpg Sh2-162, NGC 7635, Bubble nebula
171 NGC 7822 Ngc7822.png Sh2-171, NGC 7822
184 NGC 281 NGC281HunterWilson.jpg NGC 281, IC 11
191 Maffei 1 Maf1atlas.jpg Sh2-191, Maffei 1, PGC 9892
197 Maffei 2 Maf2atlas.jpg Sh2-197, Maffei 2, UGCA 39,[5]PGC 10217,[5]
199 Soul Nebula W5 cropped.jpg Sh2-199, LBN 667, Soul Nebula, IC 1848 (cluster only)
211, 212 Tribble Nebulae Tribble Nebulae.jpg NGC 1624, Sh2-211, Sh2-212
220 California Nebula California-nebula.jpeg NGC 1499, Sharpless 220
229 Flaming Star Nebula FlamingStarHunterWilson.jpg Flaming Star Nebula, Caldwell 31, IC 405, Sh2-229
237 NGC 1931 NGC1931HunterWilson.jpg Sharpless 237
238 Hind's Nebula Ngc1555.jpg NGC 1555, Hind's Nebula, Sharpless 238
244 Crab Nebula Crab Nebula.jpg Messier 1, NGC 1952,
248 Jellyfish Nebula Ic443 wide.jpg IC 443, Sh2-248, Jellyfish Nebula
275 Rosette Nebula Rosette nebula s.jpg Sh2-275, CTB 21
279 Running Man Nebula NGC1977 Running Man Nebula from the Mount Lemmon SkyCenter Schulman Telescope courtesy Adam Block.jpg NGC 1973, NGC 1975, NGC 1977
276 Barnard's Loop BarnardLoopHunterWilson.jpg Sh2-276, Barnard's Loop
277 Flame Nebula NASA-FlameNebula-NGC2024-20140507.jpg Sh2-271, NGC 2024
281 Orion Nebula Orion Nebula - Hubble 2006 mosaic 18000.jpg Messier 42, NGC 1976, LBN 974
297 Sh2-297 Ced 90.jpg Ced 90, LBN 1039
298 Thor's Helmet Thors Helmet - NGC 2359.png Thor's Helmet, Gum 4, Sharpless 298, NGC 2359


See also

  • Gum Catalog
  • RCW Catalog
  • List of Star-Forming Regions in the Local Group

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Galaxy Map – The Gum, RCW, Sharpless and BFS catalogs
  2. 2.0 2.1 Steven, Dick (2002). Sky and Ocean Joined: The U.S. Naval Observatory, 1830–2000. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81599-4. 
  3. Stewart Sharpless, A Catalogue of Emission Nebulae Near the Galactic Plane, Astrophysical Journal, vol. 118, p.362, 1953
  4. Stewart Sharpless, A Catalogue of H II Regions, Astrophysical Journal Supplement, vol. 4, p.257, 1959
  5. 5.0 5.1 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Maffei 2. http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/. Retrieved 2006-11-25. 

External links