Astronomy:List of space debris producing events

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Major contributors to space debris include the explosion of upper stages and satellite collisions.[1]

Overview

There were 190 known satellite breakups between 1961 and 2006.[2] By 2015, the total had grown to 250 on-orbit fragmentation events.[3]

(As of 2012) there were an estimated 500,000 pieces of debris in orbit,[4] with 300,000 pieces below 2000 km (LEO).[1] Of the total, about 20,000 are tracked.[1] Also, about sixteen old Soviet nuclear space reactors are known to have released an estimated 100,000 NaK liquid metal coolant droplets 800–900 km up,[5] which range in size from 1 – 6 cm.[5]

The greatest risk to space missions is from untracked debris between 1 and 10 cm in size.[1] Large pieces can be tracked and avoided, and impact from smaller pieces are usually survivable.[1]

Top debris creation events

Object Year Pieces Notes
Fengyun-1C 2007 3,549 Intentional collision (ASAT)
Kosmos 2251 2009 1,716 Accidental collision with Iridium 33
Kosmos 1408 2021 1,562 Intentional collision (ASAT)
STEP 2 Rocket Body 1996 756 Residual propellant explosion
Iridium 33 2009 659 Accidental collision with Kosmos 2251
Kosmos 2421 2008 511 Disintegrated[citation needed]
SPOT 1 Rocket Body 1986 506 Residual propellant explosion
Parus 1981 482 Battery explosion
OV2-1 Rocket Body 1965 473 Engine explosion
Nimbus 4 Rocket Body 1970 465 Residual propellant explosion
NOAA-16 2015 458 Battery explosion
TES Rocket Body 2001 373 Residual propellant explosion
CBERS 1 Rocket Body 2000 344 Residual propellant explosion
Fregat tank 2020 338 Residual propellant explosion
Ablestar 1961 320 Residual propellant explosion
Delta 2910 1975 313 Residual propellant explosion
Solwind 1985 289 Intentional collision (ASAT) [6]

Recent events

Date Object International Designation Cause Total Pieces Pieces in Orbit Reentered Pieces as of Dec 2022[lower-alpha 1]
August 31, 2018 Centaur V upper stage [7] 2014-055B Unknown [7] 107 107 0
December 22, 2018 ORBCOMM FM-16 [7] 1998-046E Energetic fragmentation; Probably caused by left over propellent [8] 13 5 8
January 24, 2019 Microsat-R [8] 2019-006A ASAT (Anti-Satellite) weapon system test [8] 129 0 129
February 6, 2019 H2-A 202 Rocket Body [7] 2018-084L Unknown; Third known breakup of an H-2A Rocket Body[7] 6 0 6
February 6, 2019 H2-A 202 Payload Adapter [7] 2018-084E Energetic fragmentation event; Cause Unknown[7] 3 0 3
April 2019 Centaur V Rocket Body[8] 2018-079B Energetic fragmentation event; Cause Unknown[8] 193 192 1
May 7, 2019 Titan IIIC Transtage rocket body[9] 1976-023F Energetic fragmentation event by caused the overheating of leftover anhydrous hydrazine(N2H4) Mono Propellant [9] ?[lower-alpha 2] ? ?
August 19, 2019 SOZ (Sistema Obespecheniya Zapuska) ullage motor from a Proton Block DM fourth stage[9] 2010-041H Energetic fragmentation event; caused by left over fuel in the ullage motor. 30th fragmentation event of a SOZ unit. 34 intact units remain in orbit[9] 23 23 0
August 13, 2019 Ariane 42P third stage rocket body[9] 1992-052D Unknown [9] 10 10 0
May 8, 2020 Fregat tank [10] 2011-037B Unknown, possibly explosion [10] 346 280 66
July 12, 2020 H2-A 202 Fairing [10] 2018-084C Collision with untracked debris [10] 123 5 118
March 18, 2021 Yunhai-1 02[11] 2019-063A Accidental collision with a fragment from the Zenit-2 rocket body that launched Tselina-2 in 1996.[11] 39 20 19
November 15, 2021 Kosmos 1408 1982-092A ASAT (Anti-Satellite) weapon system test 1787 394 1393
November 12, 2022 Long March 6A upper stage 2022-151B Unknown[12] 350 349 1
November 17, 2022 H2-A 202 Payload fairing 2012-025F Energetic fragmentation event; Cause unknown[13] 50+ 50+ 0
January 4, 2023 Kosmos 2499 2014-028E Unknown[14] 85 85 0
August 21, 2023 Vega VV02 VESPA adapter 2013-021D Unknown; likely debris impact[15][16] 7 7 0
  1. ↑ The date when all rows were updated.
  2. ↑ No fragments have entered the SSN catalog as 2022-09-22

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 The Threat of Orbital Debris and Protecting NASA Space Assets from Satellite Collisions (2009)
  2. ↑ "AN ANALYSIS OF RECENT MAJOR BREAKUPS IN THE LOW EARTH ORBIT REGION". http://www.iafastro.net/iac/archive/browse/IAC-10/A6/2/6484/. 
  3. ↑ "ESA Experts Assess Risk from Exploded Satellite". ESA. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Engineering_Technology/Clean_Space/ESA_experts_assess_risk_from_exploded_satellite. 
  4. ↑ "DARPA wants army of networked amateur astronomers to watch sky for space junk, aliens". Stratrisks. 2012-11-14. http://stratrisks.com/geostrat/9353. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 IEEE – The Growing Threat of Space Debris
  6. ↑ December 2016, Space com Staff 21 (21 December 2016). "The Most Dangerous Space Weapons Ever" (in en). https://www.space.com/19-top-10-space-weapons.html. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (May 2019). "Orbital Debris Quarterly News". Space News. https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv23i1.pdf. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (August 2019). "Orbital Debris Quarterly News". Space News. https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv23i3.pdf. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (November 2019). "Orbital Debris Quarterly News". Space News. https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv23i4.pdf. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (August 2020). "Orbital Debris Quarterly News". NASA. https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv24i4.pdf. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Wall, Mike (17 August 2021). "Space collision: Chinese satellite got whacked by hunk of Russian rocket in March". Space.com. https://www.space.com/space-junk-collision-chinese-satellite-yunhai-1-02. 
  12. ↑ @18thSDS (12 November 2022). "18th Space Defense Squadron confirmed breakup associated with CZ-6A Rocket Body - likely occurred Nov 12 at around 05:25 UTC.". https://twitter.com/18thSDS/status/1591597224081108992. 
  13. ↑ @18thSDS (23 November 2022). "18th Space Defense Squadron confirms breakup of H-2A DEB (#38345, 2012-025F)". https://twitter.com/18thSDS/status/1595476174267891712. 
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ars-20230208
  15. ↑ Jonathan McDowell [@planet4589] (22 August 2023). "7 new debris objects cataloged from the Vega VV02 launch in a 23:50 LTDN sun-sync orbit, consistent with a breakup of the VESPA adapter upper section, object 39162. Possibly the result of an impact by a small object?". https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/1693810817760678191. 
  16. ↑ "Objects detected in the vicinity of ClearSpace-1 debris removal mission target". ESA. 22 August 2023. https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Objects_detected_in_the_vicinity_of_ClearSpace-1_debris_removal_mission_target. 



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