Social:Kamakã languages

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Kamakã
Kamakanan
Geographic
distribution
Bahía, Brazil
Linguistic classificationMacro-Jê
  • Kamakã
Glottologkama1371[1]
Kamakan languages.png

The Kamakã languages are a small family of extinct Macro-Jê languages of Bahía, northeastern Brazil. The attested Kamakã languages are:

  • (northern) Kamakã (dialects: Mongoyó/Mangaló), Kotoxó, Menién
  • (southern) Masakará

Varieties

Loukotka (1968)

Below is a full list of Kamakã languages and dialects listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[2]

Southern
  • Kamakán / Ezeshio - once spoken on the Ilhéus River, De Contas River and Pardo River, Bahia state.
  • Mangaló / Mongoyo / Monshoko - extinct language once spoken on the lower Pardo River near the frontier of Bahia and Minas Gerais states.
  • Kutasho / Cotoxo / Catathoy - once spoken between the Pardo River and De Contas River.
  • Menien / Manyã - once spoken at the sources of the Jequitinhonha River.
  • Dendi - once spoken in the Serra Geral de Condeúba, frontier area between the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais. (Unattested)
  • Catolé - once spoken in the state of Minas Gerais in the valleys of the Pardo River and Verde River. (Unattested)
  • Imboré / Amboré - once spoken at the sources of the Gongogi River, Bahia state. (Unattested)
  • Piripiri - once spoken in the state of Minas Gerais in the valleys of the Verde River and Gorutuba River. (Unattested)
  • Payaya - once spoken on the Camamu River, Bahia state. (Unattested)
Northern
  • Masacará - extinct language once spoken south of the city of Juazeiro and in the old mission of Saco dos Morcegos, state of Bahia.

Mason (1950)

Camacán (Kamakán) varieties listed by Mason (1950):[3]

  • Camacán (Kamakán)
    • Mongoyó
    • Monshocó (Ezeshio)
  • Cutashó (Kotoxó)
    • Catethoy (Katathoy)
  • Menián (Manyá)
  • Masacará

Classification

Martins (2007)

Internal classification of the Kamakã languages by Martins (2007):[4]

Kamakã
  • Masakará
  • (core branch)
    • Kamakã
    • Menien
    • Kotoxó, Mongoyó

Masakará is the most divergent language.

Ramirez (2015)

Internal classification of the Kamakã languages according to Ramirez, et al. (2015):[5]

  • Masakará
  • Kamakã proper
    • Menien
    • Kamakã (including Kotoxó, Mongoyó, Monxokó, Katatoi, etc.)

Nikulin (2020)

Internal classification of the Kamakã languages according to Nikulin (2020):[6]

  • Masakará
  • Southern Kamakã
    • Menien
    • Kamakã; Kotoxó/Mongoyó

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[2]

gloss Kamakan Mangaló Menien Kutasho Masacará
head heró hero inro heró axaró
eye an-kedó kedó im-gutó kithó gätxt
tooth txó dió yo dió thüó
foot wadé uadä hoata huaxtö
water d san sa sa sin tsyin
fire yakó diaxka yarú tiakíl guxá
star pʔiong péo pinia pião pinatsö
maize hikamhi kesho kshó kethió käxü
jaguar yakoe-dere yaké-deré kukiamú tiuké-hiá yakveo
black kohada koaxéda kuatá koeixtá

Proto-language

Proto-Kamakã
Reconstruction ofKamakã languages
Reconstructed
ancestors

Proto-Kamakã reconstructions by Martins (2007):[4]

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
Proto-Kamakã
água water *tsã
andar to walk *mã
anta tapir *here
arara macaw *tʃoke
arco bow *kwã
árvore tree *hi
banana banana *tako
beber to drink *ka
beber (água) to drink (water) *tsã-ka
belo beautiful *tʃoho
boca mouth *eriko
branco white *kVhVro
cabeça head *hero
cabelo hair *ke
carne meat *kohoaja
casa house *toa
chuva rain *tsã
comer to eat *jukwa
dente tooth *tʃo
dormir to sleep *hondõ
esp. de banana banana sp. *tako
estrela star *pio
faca knife *ketʃa, *ketja
feijão bean *kinja
filha daughter *kiaxrará
filha, filho daughter, son *krani
filho son *ketje
flecha arrow *hwaj, *waj
fogo fire *tʃakɨ, *tjakɨ
irmã sister *tʃakarata, *jak(a)ratã
lua moon *hetʃe, *hedje
macaco monkey *kaũ
machado axe *kedo
madeira wood *hi)-ta
mandioca manioc *kajɨ
mão hand *ker
menino boy *kwanĩ
milho maize *ketʃo
milho maize *ketjo
muito very *hie-hie
nariz nose *niniko
olho eye *keto
onça (Felis onça) jaguar (Felis) *jake
orelha ear *nikoka
pai father *kehentã
papagaio parrot *karaj
pássaro bird *tʃano
pequeno small *(V)ta
preto, negro black *kwahda, *kwaxda
quati coati *pitako

References

  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Kamakanan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kama1371. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk. 
  3. Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". Handbook of South American Indians. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317. 
  4. 4.0 4.1 Martins, Andérbio Márcio Silva. 2007. Revisão da Família Lingüística Kamakã Proposta por Chestmir Loukotka. MA thesis, University of Brasília.
  5. Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
  6. Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
  • Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: KAMAKÃ.[1]